{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:48:32Z","timestamp":1762868912399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["NSFC-32170419","2019362","2019QZKK0501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-32170419","2019362","2019QZKK0501"]}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["NSFC-32170419","2019362","2019QZKK0501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-32170419","2019362","2019QZKK0501"]}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["NSFC-32170419","2019362","2019QZKK0501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-32170419","2019362","2019QZKK0501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In sharp contrast to birds and mammals, in numerous cold-blooded vertebrates, sex chromosomes have been described as homomorphic. This sex chromosome homomorphy has been suggested to result from the high turnovers often observed across deeply diverged clades. However, little is known about the tempo and mode of sex chromosome evolution among the most closely related species. Here, we examined the evolution of sex chromosome among nine species of the torrent frog genus Amolops. We analyzed male and female GBS and RAD-seq from 182 individuals and performed PCR verification for 176 individuals. We identified signatures of sex chromosomes involving two pairs of chromosomes. We found that sex-chromosome homomorphy results from both turnover and X\u2013Y recombination in the Amolops species, which simultaneously exhibits heterogeneous evolution on homologous and non-homologous sex chromosomes. A low turnover rate of non-homologous sex chromosomes exists in these torrent frogs. The ongoing X\u2013Y recombination in homologous sex chromosomes will act as an indispensable force in preventing sex chromosomes from differentiating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T21:10:05Z","timestamp":1663881005000},"page":"11146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heterogeneous Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in the Torrent Frog Genus Amolops"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Ping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3039-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800697","article-title":"Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes","volume":"95","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5441.964","article-title":"Four evolutionary strata on the human X chromosome","volume":"286","author":"Lahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, M. 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