{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:45:39Z","timestamp":1792442739158,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by systemic dysfunction of exocrine glands, mainly the salivary and lachrymal glands. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome consists of two forms: primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, which is characterized by dry eyes and dry mouth without autoimmune diseases; and secondary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, which is characterized by symptoms associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Disease severities vary considerably from mild glandular dryness to severe glandular involvement with numerous extraglandular and systemic features. Sensorineural hearing loss is sometimes observed in both primary and secondary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. This review article consists of (1) Pathology of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, (2) Clinical manifestation of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, (3) Autoimmune inner ear disease, (4) Histoanatomical features of the inner ear, (5) Immunological characteristics of the inner ear, (6) Pathophysiology of autoimmune inner ear disease, (7) Treatment for sensorineural hearing loss in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, and (8) Future direction. Finally, we introduce a recently developed disease model of salivary gland inflammation and discuss future expectations for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1663906027000},"page":"11181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yuko","family":"Okawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Ihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1702514","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Mariette","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. 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