{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:26:00Z","timestamp":1783052760632,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":414,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation des Gueules Cass\u00e9es"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory\u2013motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology\u2014notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T23:13:27Z","timestamp":1664147607000},"page":"11193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Jacquens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Neuroanesth\u00e9sie-R\u00e9animation, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re 43-87, Boulevard de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, Maladies Neurod\u00e9veloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Needham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3011-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa R.","family":"Zanier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Degos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Neuroanesth\u00e9sie-R\u00e9animation, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re 43-87, Boulevard de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, Maladies Neurod\u00e9veloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0909-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Gressens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, Maladies Neurod\u00e9veloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Demographics and Clinical Assessment Working Group of the International and Interagency Initiative toward Common Data Elements for Research on Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychological Health Position statement: Definition of traumatic brain injury","volume":"91","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. 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