{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:26:16Z","timestamp":1783574776062,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["13GW0456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0456"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["13GW0422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0422"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01KI2009D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009D"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["P51OD010425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD010425"]}]},{"name":"Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["13GW0456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0456"]}]},{"name":"Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["13GW0422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0422"]}]},{"name":"Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["01KI2009D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009D"]}]},{"name":"Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P51OD010425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD010425"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association","award":["13GW0456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0456"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association","award":["13GW0422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0422"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association","award":["01KI2009D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009D"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association","award":["P51OD010425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD010425"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread and common opportunistic bacterium that can colonise or infect humans as well as a wide range of animals. There are a few studies of both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from monkeys, apes, and lemurs, indicating a presence of a number of poorly or unknown lineages of the pathogen. In order to obtain insight into staphylococcal diversity, we sequenced strains from wild and captive individuals of three macaque species (Macaca mulatta, M. assamensis, and M. sylvanus) using Nanopore and Illumina technologies. These strains were previously identified by microarray as poorly or unknown strains. Isolates of novel lineages ST4168, ST7687, ST7688, ST7689, ST7690, ST7691, ST7692, ST7693, ST7694, ST7695, ST7745, ST7746, ST7747, ST7748, ST7749, ST7750, ST7751, ST7752, ST7753, and ST7754 were sequenced and characterised for the first time. In addition, isolates belonging to ST2990, a lineage also observed in humans, and ST3268, a MRSA strain already known from macaques, were also included into the study. Mobile genetic elements, genomic islands, and carriage of prophages were analysed. There was no evidence for novel host-specific virulence factors. However, a conspicuously high rate of carriage of a pathogenicity island harbouring edinB and etD2\/etE as well as a higher number of repeat units within the gene sasG (encoding an adhesion factor) than in human isolates were observed. None of the strains harboured the genes encoding Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin. In conclusion, wildlife including macaques may harbour an unappreciated diversity of S. aureus lineages that may be of clinical relevance for humans, livestock, or for wildlife conservation, given the declining state of many wildlife populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T23:13:27Z","timestamp":1664147607000},"page":"11225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sequence Analysis of Novel Staphylococcus aureus Lineages from Wild and Captive Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Dresden University Hospital, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn C.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha D.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Diezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Reinicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhu Raj","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5768-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saroj","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepalese Farming Institute, Maitidevi, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepalese Farming Institute, Maitidevi, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukesh K.","family":"Chalise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Biodiversity Research Society, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea T.","family":"Fe\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Hotzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2411-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laxman","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan P.","family":"Koju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Postgraduate Studies, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University, Lalitpur 33700, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall C.","family":"Kyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Center for Global Field Study, Departments of Psychology, Global Health, Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Ehricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monecke, S., Gavier-Wid\u00e9n, D., Hotzel, H., Peters, M., Guenther, S., Lazaris, A., Loncaric, I., M\u00fcller, E., Reissig, A., and Ruppelt-Lorz, A. 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