{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:40:14Z","timestamp":1789584014565,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Medical University Hospital","award":["DMR-111-127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-111-127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) has pathological hallmarks including amyloid beta (A\u03b2) plaque formation. Currently approved single-target drugs cannot effectively ameliorate AD. Medicinal herbs and their derived ingredients (MHDIs) have multitarget and multichannel properties, engendering exceptional AD treatment outcomes. This review delineates how in in vivo models MHDIs suppress A\u03b2 deposition by downregulating \u03b2- and \u03b3-secretase activities; inhibit oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant activities and reducing lipid peroxidation; prevent tau hyperphosphorylation by upregulating protein phosphatase 2A expression and downregulating glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 expression; reduce inflammatory mediators partly by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor\/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1\/2-mediated signaling and downregulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)\/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated signaling; attenuate synaptic dysfunction by increasing presynaptic protein, postsynaptic protein, and acetylcholine levels and preventing acetylcholinesterase activity; and protect against neuronal apoptosis mainly by upregulating Akt\/cyclic AMP response element-binding protein\/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling and downregulating p38 MAPK\/JNK\/Bcl-2-associated x protein (Bax)\/caspase-3-, Bax\/apoptosis-inducing factor-, C\/EBP homologous protein\/glucose-regulated protein 78-, and autophagy-mediated apoptotic signaling. Therefore, MHDIs listed in this review protect against A\u03b2-induced cognitive decline by inhibiting A\u03b2 accumulation, oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, synaptic damage, and neuronal apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus during the early and late AD phases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T23:13:27Z","timestamp":1664147607000},"page":"11311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Medicinal Herbs and Their Derived Ingredients Protect against Cognitive Decline in In Vivo Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8751-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueh-Ting","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shung-Te","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Yi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Hui-Sheng Hospital, Taichung 42056, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 42056, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000369101","article-title":"Amyloid-beta: A crucial factor in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Sabermarouf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. 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