{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:25:12Z","timestamp":1791476712933,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIAAA)","award":["K23-AA023190 (VV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-AA023190 (VV)"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIAAA)","award":["Z99-AA999999 (VV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z99-AA999999 (VV)"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIAAA)","award":["P20GM113226 (CJM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM113226 (CJM)"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIAAA)","award":["P50AA024337 (CJM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AA024337 (CJM)"]}]},{"name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA)","award":["K23-AA023190 (VV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-AA023190 (VV)"]}]},{"name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA)","award":["Z99-AA999999 (VV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z99-AA999999 (VV)"]}]},{"name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA)","award":["P20GM113226 (CJM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM113226 (CJM)"]}]},{"name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA)","award":["P50AA024337 (CJM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AA024337 (CJM)"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health","award":["K23-AA023190 (VV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-AA023190 (VV)"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health","award":["Z99-AA999999 (VV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z99-AA999999 (VV)"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P20GM113226 (CJM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM113226 (CJM)"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P50AA024337 (CJM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AA024337 (CJM)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) We investigated the involvement of serum magnesium level in early alcoholic liver disease (ALD), gut barrier dysfunction, and inflammation in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients; and lastly, the efficacy of 2-week abstinence and medical management to alleviate hypomagnesemia. (2) Forty-eight heavy drinking AUD patients (34 males (M)\/14 females (F)) participated in this study. Patients were grouped by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (a marker of liver injury) as group 1 (Group 1 (Gr.1); ALT \u2264 40 U\/L, 7M\/8F, without any indication of early-stage ALD) and group 2 (Group 2 (Gr.2); ALT &gt; 40 U\/L, 27M\/6F or early-stage ALD). These patients were sub-divided within each group into patients with normal magnesium (0.85 and more mmol\/L) and deficient magnesium (less than 0.85 mmol\/L) levels. All participants were assessed at baseline (BL) and received standard medical management for 2 weeks with reassessment at the treatment end (2w). (3) Female participants of this study showed a significantly lower baseline level of magnesium than their male counterparts. Gr.2 patients showed a greater propensity in the necrotic type of liver cell death, who reported higher chronic and recent heavy drinking. Magnesium level improved to the normal range in Gr.2 post-treatment, especially in the hypomagnesemia sub-group (0.77 \u00b1 0.06 mmol\/L (BL) vs. 0.85 \u00b1 0.05 mmol\/L (2w), p = 0.02). In Gr.2, both apoptotic (K18M30) and necrotic (K18M65) responses were significantly and independently associated with inflammasome activity comprising of LBP (Lipopolysaccharide binding-protein) and TNF\u03b1 (Tumor necrosis factor -\u03b1), along with serum magnesium. (4) In AUD patients with liver injury, 2-week medical management seems to improve magnesium to a normal level. This group exhibited inflammatory activity (LBP and TNF\u03b1) contributing to clinically significant hypomagnesemia. In this group, the level of magnesium, along with the unique inflammatory activity, seems to significantly predict apoptotic and necrotic types of hepatocyte death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T23:12:12Z","timestamp":1664320332000},"page":"11332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association of Hypomagnesemia and Liver Injury, Role of Gut-Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation: Efficacy of Abstinence, and 2-Week Medical Management in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Evan J.","family":"Winrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khushboo S.","family":"Gala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhas","family":"Rajhans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian D.","family":"Rios-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amor J.","family":"Royer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarlakhta","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranganathan","family":"Parthasarathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis S.","family":"Marsano-Obando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Robley Rex Louisville VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh J.","family":"Barve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Robley Rex Louisville VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Schwandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vatsalya","family":"Vatsalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory for the Intervention Development of AUD and Organ Severity, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Robley Rex Louisville VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA"},{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenesis and current management","volume":"38","author":"Osna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. 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