{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1783113681950,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Wenxue Chen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Wenxue Chen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["318MS016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318MS016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32160591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160591"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["318MS016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318MS016"]}]},{"name":"Yuansong Li","award":["32160591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160591"]}]},{"name":"Yuansong Li","award":["318MS016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318MS016"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province of China","award":["32160591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160591"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province of China","award":["318MS016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318MS016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Linalool showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial effect, but few studies have elucidated the antibacterial mechanism of linalool on Pseudomonas fragi (P. fragi) to date. The present study aimed to uncover the antimicrobial activity and potential mechanism of linalool against P. fragi by determining key enzyme activities and metabolites combined with a high-throughput method and metabolomic pathway analysis. As a result, linalool had excellent inhibitory activity against P. fragi with MIC of 1.5 mL\/L. In addition, the presence of linalool significantly altered the intracellular metabolic profile and a total of 346 differential metabolites were identified, of which 201 were up-regulated and 145 were down-regulated. The highlight pathways included beta-alanine metabolism, pantothenic acid and CoA metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Overall, linalool could cause metabolic disorders in cells, and the main metabolic pathways involved energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism. In particular, the results of intracellular ATP content and related enzymatic activities (ATPase, SDH, and GOT) also highlighted that energy limitation and amino acid disturbance occurred intracellularly. Together, these findings provided new insights into the mechanism by which linalool inhibited P. fragi and theoretical guidance for its development as a natural preservative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1665267567000},"page":"11586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Respiratory Depression as Antibacterial Mechanism of Linalool against Pseudomonas fragi Based on Metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yuansong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"HSF\/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSF\/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8985-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSF\/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Civil Aviation Energy Environment and Green Development, Civil Aviation University of China, 2898 Jinbei Road, Tianjin 300300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSF\/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.02.002","article-title":"Bacterial populations and the volatilome associated to meat spoilage","volume":"45","author":"Casaburi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.11.014","article-title":"The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin and their combination against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in minced beef during refrigerated storage","volume":"80","author":"Solomakos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.03.009","article-title":"Bacterial spoilers of food: Behavior, fitness and functional properties","volume":"45","author":"Remenant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.04.007","article-title":"Identification of meat spoilage gene biomarkers in Pseudomonas putida using gene profiling","volume":"57","author":"Mohareb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.012","article-title":"Different molecular types of Pseudomonas fragi have the same overall behaviour as meat spoilers","volume":"142","author":"Ercolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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