{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:43:03Z","timestamp":1788194583814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Researchers Assistance and Incentive Program","award":["PAIP #000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAIP #000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) infection and the expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in tumor samples from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: Evaluation of EBV infection was performed through the detection of EBV-encoded small ribonucleic acids (EBER) by in situ hybridization, and PD-L1 expression was performed through immunohistochemistry. Results: In total, 124 samples were evaluated for EBER and 120 for PD-L1 expression. A total of 86.3% of cases were positive for EBER and 55.8% were positive for PD-L1. There was a correlation between EBER positivity and the presence of undifferentiated carcinoma histology (p = 0.007) as well as the absence of tobacco history (p = 0.019). There was a correlation between PD-L1 expression and EBER positivity (p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference between overall survival (OS) and EBER (p = 0.290) or PD-L1 (p = 0.801) expression. Conclusions: This study corresponds to one of the largest cohorts of NPC in a non-endemic region. Phase III studies with checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing and may provide more data about the role of PD-L1 expression in this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"11720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Analysis of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus (EBV) and PD-L1 Expression in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients in a Non-Endemic Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiane M.","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Oncology Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iara V. V.","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3515-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius D.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 L.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Early Detection, Prevention & Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia M. R. B.","family":"Arantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"El-Naggar, A.K., Chan, J.K.C., Grandis, J.R., Takata, T., and Slootweg, P.J. (2017). Tumors of the nasopharynx. WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumors, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0353","article-title":"The Enigmatic Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. 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