{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:37:19Z","timestamp":1790869039798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Foundational Technology Improvement Support Operation 2019 of the Japanese Government","award":["2022-A-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-A-2"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Foundational Technology Improvement Support Operation 2019 of the Japanese Government","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]},{"name":"Tokuyama Science Foundation 2021","award":["2022-A-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-A-2"]}]},{"name":"Tokuyama Science Foundation 2021","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Association for Dental Science","award":["2022-A-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-A-2"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Association for Dental Science","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]},{"name":"MEXT\/JSPS KAKENHI grant","award":["2022-A-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-A-2"]}]},{"name":"MEXT\/JSPS KAKENHI grant","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientists at Kyoto Prefectural Public University Corporation","award":["2022-A-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-A-2"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientists at Kyoto Prefectural Public University Corporation","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study targets on-site\/real-time taxonomic identification and metabolic profiling of seven different Candida auris clades\/subclades by means of Raman spectroscopy and imaging. Representative Raman spectra from different Candida auris samples were systematically deconvoluted by means of a customized machine-learning algorithm linked to a Raman database in order to decode structural differences at the molecular scale. Raman analyses of metabolites revealed clear differences in cell walls and membrane structure among clades\/subclades. Such differences are key in maintaining the integrity and physical strength of the cell walls in the dynamic response to external stress and drugs. It was found that Candida cells use the glucan structure of the extracellular matrix, the degree of \u03b1-chitin crystallinity, and the concentration of hydrogen bonds between its antiparallel chains to tailor cell walls\u2019 flexibility. Besides being an effective ploy in survivorship by providing stiff shields in the \u03b1\u20131,3\u2013glucan polymorph, the \u03b1\u20131,3\u2013glycosidic linkages are also water-insoluble, thus forming a rigid and hydrophobic scaffold surrounded by a matrix of pliable and hydrated \u03b2\u2013glucans. Raman analysis revealed a variety of strategies by different clades to balance stiffness, hydrophobicity, and impermeability in their cell walls. The selected strategies lead to differences in resistance toward specific environmental stresses of cationic\/osmotic, oxidative, and nitrosative origins. A statistical validation based on principal component analysis was found only partially capable of distinguishing among Raman spectra of clades and subclades. Raman barcoding based on an algorithm converting spectrally deconvoluted Raman sub-bands into barcodes allowed for circumventing any speciation deficiency. Empowered by barcoding bioinformatics, Raman analyses, which are fast and require no sample preparation, allow on-site speciation and real-time selection of appropriate treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"11736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Raman Metabolomics of Candida auris Clades: Profiling and Barcode Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pezzotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Kobara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathological Science, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamaki","family":"Nakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayata","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nao","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5224-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narisato","family":"Kanamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriko","family":"Ohgitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0981-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elia","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7532-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihisa","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osam","family":"Mazda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathological Science, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1645-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Makimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-018-0014-1","article-title":"The continuous changes in the aetiology and epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: From familiar Candida albicans to multiresistant Candida auris","volume":"21","author":"Mateo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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