{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:16:05Z","timestamp":1780982165834,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Auburn University Intramural Grant Program (AU-IGP)","award":["CCR18548498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCR18548498"]}]},{"name":"Auburn University Intramural Grant Program (AU-IGP)","award":["W81XWH210053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH210053"]}]},{"name":"Komen Breast Cancer Foundation","award":["CCR18548498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCR18548498"]}]},{"name":"Komen Breast Cancer Foundation","award":["W81XWH210053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH210053"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense","award":["CCR18548498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCR18548498"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense","award":["W81XWH210053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH210053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Daunorubicin (DNR) and cardiolipin (CL) were co-delivered using thermosensitive liposomes (TSLs). 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1-myristoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (MSPC), cholesterol, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] or DSPE-mPEG (2000) and CL were used in the formulation of liposomes at a molar ratio of 57:40:30:3:20, respectively. CL forms raft-like microdomains that may relocate and change lipid organization of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Such transbilayer lipid movement eventually leads to membrane permeabilization. TSLs were prepared by thin-film hydration (drug:lipid ratio 1:5) where DNR was encapsulated within the aqueous core of the liposomes and CL acted as a component of the lipid bilayer. The liposomes exhibited high drug encapsulation efficiency (&gt;90%), small size (~115 nm), narrow size distribution (polydispersity index ~0.12), and a rapid release profile under the influence of mild hyperthermia. The liposomes also exhibited ~4-fold higher cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells compared to DNR or liposomes similar to DaunoXome\u00ae (p &lt; 0.001). This study provides a basis for developing a co-delivery system of DNR and CL encapsulated in liposomes for treatment of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"11763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cardiolipin for Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Thermosensitive Liposome-Encapsulated Daunorubicin toward Breast Cancer Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamad","family":"Alrbyawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai H. S.","family":"Boddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1543-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishwor","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Annaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6355-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur","family":"Mita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert D.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7427-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. 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