{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:37:42Z","timestamp":1789202262591,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"the Australian Department of Health through its Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) via the National Health and Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRF2009092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRF2009092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"the Australian Department of Health through its Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) via the National Health and Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75F40121C00144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75F40121C00144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"the United States Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRF2009092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRF2009092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"the United States Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75F40121C00144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75F40121C00144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic which has claimed more than 6.5 million lives worldwide, devastating the economy and overwhelming healthcare systems globally. The development of new drug molecules and vaccines has played a critical role in managing the pandemic; however, new variants of concern still pose a significant threat as the current vaccines cannot prevent all infections. This situation calls for the collaboration of biomedical scientists and healthcare workers across the world. Repurposing approved drugs is an effective way of fast-tracking new treatments for recently emerged diseases. To this end, we have assembled and curated a database consisting of 7817 compounds from the Compounds Australia Open Drug collection. We developed a set of eight filters based on indicators of efficacy and safety that were applied sequentially to down-select drugs that showed promise for drug repurposing efforts against SARS-CoV-2. Considerable effort was made to evaluate approximately 14,000 assay data points for SARS-CoV-2 FDA\/TGA-approved drugs and provide an average activity score for 3539 compounds. The filtering process identified 12 FDA-approved molecules with established safety profiles that have plausible mechanisms for treating COVID-19 disease. The methodology developed in our study provides a template for prioritising drug candidates that can be repurposed for the safe, efficacious, and cost-effective treatment of COVID-19, long COVID, or any other future disease. We present our database in an easy-to-use interactive interface (CoviRx that was also developed to enable the scientific community to access to the data of over 7000 potential drugs and to implement alternative prioritisation and down-selection strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"11851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Systematic Down-Selection of Repurposed Drug Candidates for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"MacRaild","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5118-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2306-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Faheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India"},{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3680-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sankaranarayanan","family":"Murugesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian K.","family":"Styles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl M. J.","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo A.","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moana M.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4129-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hardik A.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinti","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7632-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupama","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land and Water, Waite Campus, SA 5064, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren J.","family":"Creek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie L.","family":"Trevaskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7326-3210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seshadri S.","family":"Vasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Health, 189 Royal Street, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, February 02). 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