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The stemness and potential therapeutic effect of BMSCs have been explored extensively in recent years. However, diverse cell surface antigens and complex gene expression of BMSCs have indicated that BMSCs represent heterogeneous populations, and the natural characteristics of BMSCs make it difficult to identify the specific subpopulations in pathological processes which are often obscured by bulk analysis of the total BMSCs. Meanwhile, the therapeutic effect of total BMSCs is often less effective partly due to their heterogeneity. Therefore, understanding the functional heterogeneity of the BMSC subpopulations under different physiological and pathological conditions could have major ramifications for global health. Here, we summarize the recent progress of functional heterogeneity of BMSC subpopulations in physiology and pathology. Targeting tissue-resident single BMSC subpopulation offers a potentially innovative therapeutic strategy and improves BMSC effectiveness in clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T23:39:31Z","timestamp":1665272371000},"page":"11928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Functional Heterogeneity of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Subpopulations in Physiology and Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kaiting","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guigui","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaiting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-en","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-9934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2019.01.006","article-title":"Stem and progenitor cells in skeletal development","volume":"133","author":"Ono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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