{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:54:46Z","timestamp":1762070086080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"]}]},{"name":"2020 Research Program of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"]}]},{"name":"CAAS Elite Youth Program","award":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao Agricultural University High-Level Talent Special Support Program","award":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072011","31871642","2020-02-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>MuDR, the founder member of the Mutator superfamily and its MURA transcripts, has been identified as toxic sequences to Escherichia coli (E. coli), which heavily hindered the elucidation of the biochemical features of MURA transposase and confined the broader application of the Mutator system in other organisms. To harness less constrained systems as alternatives, we attempted to clone TED and Jittery, two recently isolated autonomous Mutator-like elements (MULEs) from maize, respectively. Their full-length transcripts and genomic copies are successfully cloned when the incubation time for bacteria to recover from heat shock is extended appropriately prior to plating. However, during their proliferation in E. coli, TED transformed plasmids are unstable, as evidenced by derivatives from which frameshift, deletion mutations, or IS transposon insertions are readily detected. Our results suggest that neither leaky expression of the transposase nor the presence of terminal inverse repeats (TIRs) are responsible for the cloning barriers, which were once ascribed to the presence of the Shine\u2013Dalgarno-like sequence. Instead, the internal sequence of TED (from 1250 to 2845 bp), especially the exons in this region, was the most likely causer. The findings provide novel insights into the property and function of the Mutator superfamily and shed light on the dissection of toxic effects on cloning from MULEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1665348571000},"page":"11993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cloning of Maize TED Transposon into Escherichia coli Reveals the Polychromatic Sequence Landscape of Refractorily Propagated Plasmids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3852-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunsheng","family":"Cong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingsheng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4242-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yubin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1266\/ggs.18-00024","article-title":"Structural and sequence diversity of eukaryotic transposable elements","volume":"94","author":"Kojima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Genet. 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