{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:22:45Z","timestamp":1792045365614,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR22117A81528669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR22117A81528669"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The contribution of choroidal vasculature to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been long debated. The present narrative review aims to discuss the primary molecular and choroidal structural changes occurring with aging and AMD with a brief overview of the principal multimodal imaging modalities and techniques that enable the optimal in vivo visualization of choroidal modifications. The molecular aspects that target the choroid in AMD mainly involve human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, complement dysregulation, leukocyte interaction at Bruch\u2019s membrane, and mast cell infiltration of the choroid. A mechanistic link between high-risk genetic loci for AMD and mast cell recruitment has also been recently demonstrated. Recent advances in multimodal imaging allow more detailed visualization of choroidal structure, identifying alterations that may expand our comprehension of aging and AMD development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231912010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1665348571000},"page":"12010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Choroidal Vasculature Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From a Molecular to a Clinical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6214-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Fragiotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Scuderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemente Maria","family":"Iodice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Rullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Di Pippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Maugliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Ophthalmology Unit, St. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solmaz","family":"Abdolrahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2857","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of Bruch\u2019s membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging","volume":"35","author":"Ramrattan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investig. 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