{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:04:46Z","timestamp":1780617886786,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by heterogeneous changes involving numerous organs and systems. The currently available data indicate that muscle injury (both smooth and striated muscles) is widespread and leads to significant morbidity, either directly or indirectly. From the consequences of smooth muscle involvement in the tunica media of blood vessels or at the level of the digestive tract, to skeletal myopathy (which may be interpreted strictly in the context of SSc, or as an overlap with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies), muscular injury in scleroderma translates to a number of notable clinical manifestations. Heart involvement in SSc is heterogenous depending on the definition used in the various studies. The majority of SSc patients experience a silent form of cardiac disease. The present review summarizes certain important features of myocardial, as well as smooth and skeletal muscle involvement in SSc. Further research is needed to fully describe and understand the pathogenic pathways and the implications of muscle involvement in scleroderma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231912011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1665348571000},"page":"12011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Involvement of Smooth Muscle, Striated Muscle, and the Myocardium in Scleroderma: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2784-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"Bratoiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Maria","family":"Burlui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9800-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Cardoneanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-867X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana Andreea","family":"Macovei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Rusu-Zota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Rezus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minerva Codruta","family":"Badescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Szalontay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rezus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30933-9","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"390","author":"Denton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5301\/jsrd.5000249","article-title":"Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: Recent insights of molecular and cellular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Varga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8625-4","article-title":"Cutaneous Manifestations of Scleroderma and Scleroderma-Like Disorders: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"53","author":"Ferreli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3","article-title":"One year in review 2021: Systemic sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Barsotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1614915","article-title":"Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis: Current understanding and new insights","volume":"15","author":"Cutolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asano, Y. (2020). The Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis: An Understanding Based on a Common Pathologic Cascade across Multiple Organs and Additional Organ-Specific Pathologies. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092687"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.02.010","article-title":"Evolving insights into the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"209","author":"Korman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truchetet, M.E., Brembilla, N.C., and Chizzolini, C. (2021). Current Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08889-8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, E., Rosa, I., Fioretto, B., Matucci-Cerinic, M., and Manetti, M. (2021). New Insights into Profibrotic Myofibroblast Formation in Systemic Sclerosis: When the Vascular Wall Becomes the Enemy. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070610"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.102","article-title":"Cellular and molecular aspects of vascular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Trojanowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02804.x","article-title":"Systematic review: Pathophysiology and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)","volume":"23","author":"Sallam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210325102749","article-title":"The Role of Pro-fibrotic Myofibroblasts in Systemic Sclerosis: From Origin to Therapeutic Targeting","volume":"22","author":"Romano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e315","article-title":"Musculoskeletal involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"43 Pt 2","author":"Minier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Presse. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.01.008","article-title":"Musculoskeletal involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Randone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X16671928","article-title":"Histopathological findings in systemic sclerosis-related myopathy: Fibrosis and microangiopathy with lack of cellular inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Corallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.029","article-title":"Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Myopathy","volume":"1108","author":"Ranque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2020.1754692","article-title":"\u2018Narrow-sense\u2019 and \u2018broad-sense\u2019 vascular abnormalities of systemic sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Jinnin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciejewska, M., Sikora, M., Maciejewski, C., Alda-Malicka, R., Czuwara, J., and Rudnicka, L. (2022). Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon with Focus on Systemic Sclerosis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092490"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198318758607","article-title":"Kidney involvement in systemic sclerosis: From pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"3","author":"Bruni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02452","article-title":"Unraveling SSc Pathophysiology; The Myofibroblast","volume":"9","author":"Vonk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210229","article-title":"Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to endothelial dysfunction and dermal fibrosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Manetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13599","article-title":"Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in systemic sclerosis","volume":"205","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2019.19081","article-title":"The contribution of mesenchymal transitions to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22940","article-title":"Severe fibrosis and increased expression of fibrogenic cytokines in the gastric wall of systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"56","author":"Manetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.01.012","article-title":"Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Myth or reality?","volume":"51","author":"Jimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270033","article-title":"Origin and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"593","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H613","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00220.2020","article-title":"Metabolism of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular diseases","volume":"319","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.08.040","article-title":"Phenotypic Diversity of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Implications for Therapy","volume":"161","author":"Lechartier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049922","article-title":"Fate and State of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis","volume":"143","author":"Miano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599415","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.599415","article-title":"Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Interactions in Vessel Wall Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Sorokin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5301\/jsrd.5000218","article-title":"The isolation and characterization of systemic sclerosis vascular smooth muscle cells: Enhanced proliferation and apoptosis resistance","volume":"1","author":"Altorok","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1515\/rjim-2017-0027","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 cells in systemic sclerosis: A comprehensive review","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"Romanian J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0512-2","article-title":"Interleukin-17A promotes functional activation of systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cells by extracellular-regulated protein kinases signalling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(04)06","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA attenuates interleukin-17A-induced systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cell activation via inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14114","article-title":"Secukinumab and metformin ameliorate dermal fibrosis by decreasing tissue interleukin-17 levels in bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Karatas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegner, B., Schaub, T., Catar, R., Kusch, A., Wagner, P., Essin, K., Lange, C., Riemekasten, G., and Dragun, D. (2016). Intrinsic Deregulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle and Myofibroblast Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153101"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102602","article-title":"Factors associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in systemic sclerosis (SSc)","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.21693\/1933-088X-16.2.61","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Scleroderma and Connective Tissue Disease: Potential Molecular and Cellular Targets","volume":"16","author":"Trojanowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Pulm. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8265-z","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation and Autoimmunity in the Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Kherbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-014-0123-7","article-title":"Oxidative stress-dependent activation of collagen synthesis is induced in human pulmonary smooth muscle cells by sera from patients with scleroderma-associated pulmonary hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Boin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"75","article-title":"Agonistic Anti-PDGF Receptor Autoantibodies from Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Impact Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Function In Vitro","volume":"8","author":"Svegliati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41192","article-title":"Promotion of Myofibroblast Differentiation and Tissue Fibrosis by the Leukotriene B4-Leukotriene B4 Receptor Axis in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06370","article-title":"LTB4 activates pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"66","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6797","article-title":"Simultaneous downregulation of KLF5 and Fli1 is a key feature underlying systemic sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Noda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680109","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.680109","article-title":"Autoimmunity in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Evidence for Local Immunoglobulin Production","volume":"8","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz308","article-title":"Chronic inflammation within the vascular wall in pulmonary arterial hypertension: More than a spectator","volume":"116","author":"Huertas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139067","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139067","article-title":"Macrophage-derived PDGF-B induces muscularization in murine and human pulmonary hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Ntokou","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v2","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken265","article-title":"Role of PDGF in fibrotic diseases and systemic sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Trojanowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052955","article-title":"Stimulatory Autoantibodies to the PDGF Receptor in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"354","author":"Baroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"115","article-title":"Antifibrotic efficacy of nintedanib in a cellular model of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"119","author":"Atanelishvili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arts, M.R., Baron, M., Chokr, N., Fritzler, M.J., Servant, M.J., and the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG) (2014). Systemic Sclerosis Immunoglobulin Induces Growth and a Pro-Fibrotic State in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100035"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200195","article-title":"IgG from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and\/or systemic sclerosis binds to vascular smooth muscle cells and induces cell contraction","volume":"71","author":"Bussone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"5095","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: Findings in a real-life setting","volume":"18","author":"Petcu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2017.09.002","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disease in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Frech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i20.5408","article-title":"Esophageal manifestations in patients with scleroderma","volume":"9","author":"Voulgaris","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"165","article-title":"Evaluation and management of esophageal manifestations in systemic sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Denaxas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110923","article-title":"Progression of Esophageal Dysmotility in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Vischio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203889","article-title":"Evidence for oesophageal and anorectal involvement in very early systemic sclerosis (VEDOSS): Report from a single VEDOSS\/EUSTAR centre","volume":"74","author":"Lepri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1595-y","article-title":"Early endoscopy in systemic sclerosis without gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"32","author":"Thonhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12813","article-title":"The association between systemic sclerosis disease manifestations and esophageal high-resolution manometry parameters","volume":"28","author":"Kimmel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-021-00382-0","article-title":"Esophageal Dysfunction in Systemic Sclerosis: An Update","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.086074","article-title":"A case-control study of the pathology of oesophageal diseae in systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma)","volume":"55","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"368","article-title":"Gastrointestinal manifestation of systemic sclerosis\u2014Thickening of the upper gastrointestinal wall detected by endoscopic ultrasound is a valid sign","volume":"49","author":"Kullmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0695-1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of systemic sclerosis esophageal pathology identifies inflammatory and proliferative signatures","volume":"17","author":"Taroni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000545","article-title":"Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: Diagnosis and management","volume":"30","author":"Mcmahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03353.x","article-title":"Gastric Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis: A Prospective Study","volume":"96","author":"Marie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000626","article-title":"Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: An update","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.8.754","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of the muscle coat of the gastric wall in a case of systemic sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Pacini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"115","article-title":"The gastric wall in systemic sclerosis patients: A morphological study","volume":"115","author":"Manetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13963","article-title":"Review article: Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"834","article-title":"Intestinal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis: A Clinical Review","volume":"63","author":"Sakkas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000397","article-title":"Colonic Manifestations and Complications Are Relatively Under-Reported in Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"114","author":"Brandler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis: A review of the literature","volume":"311","author":"Gerkowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2006.00837.x","article-title":"A new method for evaluation of intestinal muscle contraction properties: Studies in normal subjects and in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Gregersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes191","article-title":"Gut fibrosis with altered colonic contractility in a mouse model of scleroderma","volume":"51","author":"Thoua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"981","article-title":"Intestinal hypomotility in systemic sclerosis: A histological study into the sequence of events","volume":"40","author":"Vonk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201800000-49","article-title":"Functional and Anatomical analysis of the anorectum of female scleroderma patients at a center for pelvic floor disorders","volume":"55","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-019-0699-0","article-title":"Colonic and Anorectal Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Sattar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90075-K","article-title":"Cardiac and skeletal muscle disease in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): A high risk association","volume":"125","author":"Follansbee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000024","article-title":"Myopathy in scleroderma, its identification, prevalence, and treatment: Lessons learned from cohort studies","volume":"26","author":"Paik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01451281","article-title":"Scleromyositis: A scleroderma\/polymyositis overlap syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Jablonska","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.05.011","article-title":"Muscle function in women with systemic sclerosis: Association with fatigue and general physical function","volume":"47","author":"Justo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2018.1477990","article-title":"Muscle endurance, strength, and active range of motion in patients with different subphenotypes in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Pettersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04411-8","article-title":"Prevalence of other connective tissue diseases in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"39","author":"Maundrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000336","article-title":"Myopathy in scleroderma and in other connective tissue diaseses","volume":"28","author":"Paik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04693-3","article-title":"Is exposure to environmental factors associated with a characteristic clinical and laboratory profile in systemic sclerosis? A retrospective analysis","volume":"41","author":"Aguila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000552","article-title":"Muscle disease in scleroderma","volume":"30","author":"Paik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v38","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex196","article-title":"Muscle involvement in systemic sclerosis: Points to consider in clinical trials","volume":"56","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2013.868512","article-title":"Myopathy is a poor prognostic feature in systemic sclerosis: Results from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG) cohort","volume":"43","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22870","article-title":"Independent Association of Severity of Muscle Weakness With Disability as Measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index in Scleroderma","volume":"68","author":"Paik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3109\/03009741003774626","article-title":"Myopathies related to systemic sclerosis: A case-control study of associated clinical and immunological features","volume":"39","author":"Ranque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2021.1397","article-title":"Brachio-cervical inflammatory myopathy associated with systemic sclerosis. Case series and review of literature","volume":"73","author":"Araujo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-04942-z","article-title":"Dropped head in systemic sclerosis: A case based review","volume":"42","author":"Shimada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R152","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3888","article-title":"Aldolase predicts subsequent myopathy occurrence in systemic sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Gain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02768-z","article-title":"Using magnetic resonance imaging to map the hidden burden of muscle involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Ross","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab567","article-title":"First pilot study of extracellular volume MRI measurement in peripheral muscle of systemic sclerosis patients suggests diffuse fibrosis","volume":"61","author":"Dumitru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.095919","article-title":"A descriptive and prognostic study of systemic sclerosis-associated myopathies","volume":"68","author":"Ranque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2584-1","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with systemic scleroderma and musculoskeletal symptoms","volume":"23","author":"Schanz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21734","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021734","article-title":"Myopathy is a Risk Factor for Poor Prognosis of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/tt4ilu","article-title":"Diagnostic measures for patients with systemic sclerosis-associated myopathy","volume":"39","author":"Baumberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102851","article-title":"Histopathological features of systemic sclerosis-associated myopathy: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23291","article-title":"Association of Fibrosing Myopathy in Systemic Sclerosis and Higher Mortality","volume":"69","author":"Paik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02305-3","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis-associated myositis features minimal inflammation and characteristic capillary pathology","volume":"141","author":"Siegert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22620","article-title":"Spectrum of Muscle Histopathologic Findings in Forty-Two Scleroderma Patients With Weakness","volume":"67","author":"Paik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"S12","article-title":"Anti-PM-Scl antibody in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Koschik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"189","article-title":"The prevalence and significance of anti-PM\/Scl antibodies in systemic sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Wielosz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2007.01.013","article-title":"Novel aspects of autoantibodies to the PM\/Scl complex: Clinical, genetic and diagnostic insights","volume":"6","author":"Mahler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198318783930","article-title":"Anti-nuclear autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis: News and perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"e2068","article-title":"Muscular and extramuscular clinical features of patients with anti-PM\/Scl autoantibodies","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588753","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.588753","article-title":"Correlation Between Skin and Affected Organs in 52 Sclerodermic Patients Followed in a Diseases Management Team: Development of a Risk Prediction Model of Organ-Specific Complications","volume":"12","author":"Cozzani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38428","article-title":"Clinical and Serologic Correlates of Anti-PM\/Scl Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: A Multicenter Study of 763 Patients","volume":"66","author":"Hudson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2015.1077231","article-title":"Clinical correlates of monospecific anti-PM75 and anti-PM100 antibodies in a tri-nation cohort of 1574 systemic sclerosis subjects","volume":"48","author":"Wodkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2020.06.021","article-title":"Extended myositis-specific and -associated antibodies profile in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"88","author":"Leurs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5028","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab152","article-title":"The clinical phenotype of systemic sclerosis patients with anti-PM\/Scl antibodies: Results from the EUSTAR cohort","volume":"60","author":"Lazzaroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001676","article-title":"Anti-Polymyositis\/Scl Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: Clinical Associations in a Multicentric Spanish Cohort and Review of the Literature","volume":"28","author":"Arandia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000536","article-title":"The clinico-serological spectrum of overlap myositis","volume":"30","author":"Fredi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: An American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"72","author":"Khanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottai, M., Tj\u00e4rnlund, A., Santoni, G., Werth, V.P., Pilkington, C., de Visser, M., Alfredsson, L., Amato, A.A., Barohn, R.J., and Liang, M.H. (2017). EULAR\/ACR classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups: A methodology report. RMD Open, 3.","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2017-000507"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab492","article-title":"Autoantibody profiles delineate distinct subsets of scleromyositis","volume":"61","author":"Leclair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"6251232","article-title":"Clinical, Serological, and Genetic Characteristics of a Hungarian Myositis-Scleroderma Overlap Cohort","volume":"2022","author":"Bodoki","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R111","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4562","article-title":"Scleroderma-polymyositis overlap syndrome versus idiopathic polymyositis and systemic sclerosis: A descriptive study on clinical features and myopathology","volume":"16","author":"Bhansing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001357","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001357","article-title":"Recognising the spectrum of scleromyositis: HEp-2 ANA patterns allow identification of a novel clinical subset with anti-SMN autoantibodies","volume":"6","author":"Hoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, H., Tizaoui, K., Terrazzino, S., Cargnin, S., Lee, K., Nam, S., Kim, J., Yang, J., Lee, J., and Smith, L. (2020). Sarcopenia in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165678"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01045","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Dalle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32834dd297","article-title":"Chronic low-grade inflammation and age-related sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Beyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2235-1","article-title":"Risk factors for body composition abnormalities in systemic sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Marighela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"16","article-title":"Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2. Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3932-y","article-title":"Malnutrition and sarcopenia in a large cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Caimmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.046","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in systemic sclerosis: Assessing body composition and functional disability in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"55\u201356","author":"Siegert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04401-w","article-title":"Sarcopenia in systemic sclerosis: The impact of nutritional, clinical, and laboratory features","volume":"39","author":"Corallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"65","article-title":"Advanced microvascular damage associated with occurence of sarcopenia in systemic sclerosis patients: Results from a retrospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Paolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hax, V., Santo, R.C.D.E., dos Santos, L.P., Farinon, M., de Oliveira, M.S., Tr\u00eas, G.L., Gasparin, A.A., de Andrade, N.P.B., Bredemeier, M., and Xavier, R.M. (2021). Practical screening tools for sarcopenia in patients with systemic sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245683"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115597883","article-title":"Medical Nutrition Therapy for Patients With Advanced Systemic Sclerosis (MNT PASS): A Pilot Intervention Study","volume":"41","author":"Doerfler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23009","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023009","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis and risk of cardiovascular disease: A PRISMA-compliant systemic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"99","author":"Cen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211448","article-title":"Mapping and predicting mortality from systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Elhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaeger, V., Wirz, E.G., Allanore, Y., Rossbach, P., Riemekasten, G., Hachulla, E., Distler, O., Air\u00f2, P., Carreira, P.E., and Gurman, A.B. (2016). Incidences and Risk Factors of Organ Manifestations in the Early Course of Systemic Sclerosis: A Longitudinal EUSTAR Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163894"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.103382","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with left ventricular dysfunction in the EULAR Scleroderma Trial and Research group (EUSTAR) database of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Allanore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2013.10.007","article-title":"Systemic Sclerosis and the Heart","volume":"40","author":"Parks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.07.008","article-title":"Defining primary systemic sclerosis heart involvement: A scoping literature review","volume":"48","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-016-0289-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance patterns of biopsy proven cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Krumm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"S75","article-title":"Autopsy versus clinical findings in patients with systemic sclerosis in a case series from patients of the EUSTAR database","volume":"33","author":"Sandmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198317747441","article-title":"Update on assessment and management of primary cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Bournia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2021.101668","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis: Getting to the heart of the matter","volume":"35","author":"Bruni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"S48","article-title":"Primary myocardial involvement in systemic sclerosis: Evidence for a microvascular origin","volume":"28","author":"Allanore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuc\u0103, A., Gegenava, T., Mihai, C.M., Jurcu\u0163, C., S\u0103ftoiu, A., G\u020brni\u0163\u0103, D.M., Popescu, B.A., Marsan, N.A., and Jurcu\u021b, R. (2022). Sclerodermic Cardiomyopathy\u2014A State-of-the-Art Review. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030669"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(69)90044-8","article-title":"Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A study of fifty-eight autopsy cases and fifty-eight matched controls","volume":"46","author":"Fries","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.53.3.483","article-title":"Myocardial lesions of progressive systemic sclerosis. A cause of cardiac dysfunction","volume":"53","author":"Bulkley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(98)70060-2","article-title":"Diversity of myocardial involvement in systemic sclerosis: An 8-year study of 95 Japanese patients","volume":"135","author":"Murata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2003.51","article-title":"Cardiac remodeling in patients with systemic sclerosis with no signs or symptoms of heart failure: An endomyocardial biopsy study","volume":"9","author":"Fernandes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, K.A.L., Mueller, I.I., Eppler, D., Zuern, C., Seizer, P., Kramer, U., Koetter, I., Roecken, M., Kandolf, R., and Gawaz, M. (2015). Clinical and Histopathological Features of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Undergoing Endomyocardial Biopsy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126707"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez658","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis myocarditis has unique clinical, histological and prognostic features: A comparative histological analysis","volume":"59","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-014-0539-y","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical relevance of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Sano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hear. Vessel."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"647","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial fibrosis and microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis by magnetic resonance imaging and coronary angiotomography","volume":"54","author":"Madrid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528114666150916112551","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging clarifies cardiac pathophysiology in early, asymptomatic diffuse systemic sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu167","article-title":"Early myocardial and skeletal muscle interstitial remodelling in systemic sclerosis: Insights from extracellular volume quantification using cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"16","author":"Barison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.03.235","article-title":"Pseudo-infarction pattern in diffuse systemic sclerosis. Evaluation using cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"214","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.4441","article-title":"Detection of Left Ventricular Regional Dysfunction and Myocardial Abnormalities Using Complementary Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis without Cardiac Symptoms: A Pilot Study","volume":"55","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"4797","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance in systemic sclerosis patients with cardiac symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Meduri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni, S., Koutsogeorgopoulou, L., Karabela, G., Stavropoulos, E., Katsifis, G., Raftakis, J., Plastiras, S., Noutsias, M., Markousis-Mavrogenis, G., and Kolovou, G. (2017). Silent myocarditis in systemic sclerosis detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance using Lake Louise criteria. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0619-x"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.08.072","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance in systemic sclerosis patients\u2014Relationship with biochemical and echocardiography parameters","volume":"249","author":"Rajdl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13107","article-title":"Pharmacological stress, rest perfusion and delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance identifies very early cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis patients of recent onset","volume":"20","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000623","article-title":"Relationship Between Ventricular Arrhythmias, Conduction Disorders, and Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Muresan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCR J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198318762888","article-title":"Diffuse cardiac fibrosis quantification in early systemic sclerosis by magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with skin fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyllenhammar, T., Kanski, M., Engblom, H., Wuttge, D.M., Carlsson, M., Hesselstrand, R., and Arheden, H. (2018). Decreased global myocardial perfusion at adenosine stress as a potential new biomarker for microvascular disease in systemic sclerosis: A magnetic resonance study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0756-x"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key430","article-title":"Incidental significant arrhythmia in scleroderma associates with cardiac magnetic resonance measure of fibrosis and hs-TnI and NT-proBNP","volume":"58","author":"Bissell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13727","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory predictions of myocardial inflammation as detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with systemic sclerosis: A pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Tipparot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13540","article-title":"Association of cardiac magnetic resonance-detected myocardial abnormalities with disease characteristics and brain natriuretic peptide levels in systemic sclerosis without cardiac symptoms","volume":"22","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.02.005","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance imaging, elevated U-CRP and higher mRSS are predictors of cardiovascular complications in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients","volume":"49","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markousis-Mavrogenis, G., Bournia, V.-K., Panopoulos, S., Koutsogeorgopoulou, L., Kanoupakis, G., Apostolou, D., Katsifis, G., Polychroniadis, M., Dimitroulas, T., and Kolovou, G. (2019). Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Identifies High-Risk Systemic Sclerosis Patients with Normal Echocardiograms and Provides Incremental Prognostic Value. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040220"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13569","article-title":"Role of autonomic dysfunction in the regulation of myocardial blood flow in systemic sclerosis evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance","volume":"22","author":"Gigante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bratis, K., Lindholm, A., Hesselstrand, R., Arheden, H., Karabela, G., Stavropoulos, E., Katsifis, G., Kolovou, G., Kitas, G.D., and Sfikakis, P.P. (2019). CMR feature tracking in cardiac asymptomatic systemic sclerosis: Clinical implications. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221021"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41308","article-title":"Cardiac Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging With T1 Mapping to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis: Association With Cardiac Events From a Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"72","author":"Terrier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.06.013","article-title":"T1 mapping cardiac magnetic resonance imaging frequently detects subclinical diffuse myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"50","author":"Poindron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez494","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance predicts ventricular arrhythmias in scleroderma: The Scleroderma Arrhythmia Clinical Utility Study (SAnCtUS)","volume":"59","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markousis-Mavrogenis, G., Koutsogeorgopoulou, L., Katsifis, G., Dimitroulas, T., Kolovou, G., Kitas, G.D., Sfikakis, P.P., and Mavrogeni, S.I. (2020). The Double-Edged Sword of T1-Mapping in Systemic Sclerosis\u2014A Comparison with Infectious Myocarditis Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10050335"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galea, N., Rosato, E., Gigante, A., Borrazzo, C., Fiorelli, A., Barchetti, G., Trombetta, A.C., DiGiulio, M.A., Francone, M., and Catalano, C. (2020). Early myocardial damage and microvascular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with systemic sclerosis: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study with cold pressor test. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244282"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.09.023","article-title":"Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification as novel biomarkers in risk stratification of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Bordonaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hromadka, M., Baxa, J., Seidlerova, J., Miklik, R., Rajdl, D., Sudova, V., Suchy, D., and Rokyta, R. (2021). Myocardial Involvement Detected Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Prospective Observational Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225364"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa742","article-title":"Predictors of subclinical systemic sclerosis primary heart involvement characterised by microvasculopathy and myocardial fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Dumitru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001689","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001689","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in systemic sclerosis with abnormal cardiovascular MRI and serum cardiac biomarkers","volume":"7","author":"Dumitru","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845359","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.845359","article-title":"The Prognostic Value of Right Atrial and Right Ventricular Functional Parameters in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09064-5","article-title":"Unenhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance may improve detection and prognostication of an occult heart involvement in asymptomatic patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Palumbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, D.S., Karia, N., Cole, A.R., Maclean, R.H., Brown, J.T., Masi, A., Patel, R.K., Razvi, Y., Chacko, L., and Venneri, L. (2022). Distinct cardiovascular phenotypes are associated with prognosis in systemic sclerosis: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur. Heart J.\u2014Cardiovasc. Imaging, jeac120.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac120"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/19\/12011\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:48:58Z","timestamp":1760143738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/19\/12011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"references-count":184,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231912011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231912011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]}}}