{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:11:12Z","timestamp":1787681472283,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classical risk factors play a major role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. However, the estimation of risk for cardiovascular events based only on risk factors is often insufficient. Efforts have been made to identify biomarkers that indicate ongoing atherosclerosis. Among important circulating biomarkers associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are inflammatory markers which are determined by the expression of different genes and epigenetic processes. Among these proinflammatory molecules, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, several adhesion molecules, CD40 ligand, osteoprotegerin and others are associated with the presence and progression of PAD. Additionally, several circulating prothrombotic markers have a predictive value in PAD. Genetic polymorphisms significantly, albeit moderately, affect risk factors for PAD via altered lipoprotein metabolism, diabetes, arterial hypertension, smoking, inflammation and thrombosis. However, most of the risk variants for PAD are located in noncoding regions of the genome and their influence on gene expression remains to be explored. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Patterns of miRNA expression, to some extent, vary in different atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. miRNAs appear to be useful in the detection of PAD and the prediction of progression and revascularization outcomes. In conclusion, taking into account one\u2019s predisposition to PAD, i.e., DNA polymorphisms and miRNAs, together with circulating inflammatory and coagulation markers, holds promise for more accurate prediction models and personalized therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231912054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1665436031000},"page":"12054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Inflammatory and Prothrombotic Biomarkers, DNA Polymorphisms, MicroRNAs and Personalized Medicine for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Pavel","family":"Poredo\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi\u0161o","family":"\u0160abovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1879-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojca","family":"Bo\u017ei\u010d Mijovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Nikolajevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Antignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Centre Nuova Villa Claudia, Via Flaminia Nuova 280, 00191 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6865-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosmas I.","family":"Paraskevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Central Clinic of Athens, 10680 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri P.","family":"Mikhailidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus (UCL), Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7538-1595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Blinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095","article-title":"ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. 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