{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:39:28Z","timestamp":1789720768128,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chilean government","award":["1220999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1220999"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a chronic non-communicable disease caused by dysbiotic changes that affect the subgingival microbiota. During periodontitis, neutrophils play a central role in the initial recognition of bacteria, and their number increases with the appearance of the first signs of periodontal inflammation. Recent evidence has led to the proposition that neutrophils can also functionally polarize, determining selective activity patterns related to different diseases. Two well-defined neutrophil phenotypes have been described, the pro-inflammatory N1 subset and the suppressor N2 subset. To date, it has not been established whether these different neutrophil subtypes play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Thus, this scoping review aimed to determine whether there was evidence to suggest that the neutrophils present in periodontal tissues can be associated with certain phenotypes. The research question, population, concept, and context sought to identify original articles, in humans, that detected the presence of neutrophils in the periodontal tissues of people affected by periodontitis. Based on the search strategy, we found 3658 studies. After removing the papers with abstracts not related to the outcome measures and eligibility criteria, 16 articles were included for qualitative analysis. Several studies identified the presence of different neutrophil subsets, specifically, the naive, pro- and para-inflammatory, hyper-reactive and hyper-active, and high- and low-responder phenotypes. The existing evidence demonstrates the presence of pro-inflammatory, hyper-reactive and high-responder neutrophils in periodontal tissues affected with periodontitis. There is no evidence demonstrating the presence of the N1 or N2 phenotypes in periodontal tissues during periodontitis. However, the existence of pro-inflammatory phenotypes, which increase NETosis and degranulation, and increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, could be suggestive of the N1 phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T06:13:27Z","timestamp":1665468807000},"page":"12068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Neutrophil N1 and N2 Subsets and Their Possible Association with Periodontitis: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Luis Daniel","family":"Sansores-Espa\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucat\u00e1n, Merida 97000, Mexico"},{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samanta","family":"Melgar-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolando","family":"Vernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertha Arelly","family":"Carrillo-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucat\u00e1n, Merida 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Manuel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucat\u00e1n, Merida 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2043-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"D\u00edaz-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapo 7500015, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00037","article-title":"Myeloid-Derived suppresor cells in bacterial infections","volume":"6","author":"Ost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-259028","article-title":"In vivo labeling with 2H2O reveals a human lifespan of 5.4 days","volume":"116","author":"Pillay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.11.011","article-title":"Neutrophils, from marrow to microbes","volume":"33","author":"Borregaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"20","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors as essential regulators of inflammation","volume":"345","author":"Imtiyaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.06.017","article-title":"Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta: \"N1\" versus \"N2\" TAN","volume":"16","author":"Fridlender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs123","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils: Friend or foe?","volume":"33","author":"Fridlender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1992.tb08237.x","article-title":"Further characterization of the NB 1 antigen as a variably expressed 56\u201362 kD GPI- linked glycoprotein of plasma membranes and specific granules of neu- trophils","volume":"81","author":"Goldschmeding","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01146","article-title":"Tumor Associated Neutrophils. Their role in tumorigenesis, metastasis, prognosis and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Masucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw024","article-title":"Temporal neutrophil polarization following myocardial infarction","volume":"110","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1381-0","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment to the brain in mouse and human ischemic stroke","volume":"129","author":"Gelpi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00694-y","article-title":"Functional dynamics of neutrophils after ischemic stroke","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002470","article-title":"N2 neutrophils, novel players in brain inflammation after stroke: Modulation by the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone","volume":"44","author":"Cuartero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nri910","article-title":"NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7684","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.12.7684","article-title":"The transcriptional activation program of human neutrophils in skin lesions supports their important role in wound healing","volume":"172","author":"Knudsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817038","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/817038","article-title":"Regulation of neutrophil degranulation and cytokine secretion: A novel model approach based on linar fitting","volume":"2015","author":"Naegelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03276.x","article-title":"Hyperactivity and reactivity of peripheral blood neutrophils in chronic periodontitis","volume":"147","author":"Matthews","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509349402","article-title":"PDK1 regulates chemotaxis in human neutrophils","volume":"88","author":"Yagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100508","article-title":"Refractory periodontitis population characterized by a hyperactive oral neutrophil phenotype","volume":"82","author":"Aboodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120477","article-title":"Oral neutrophils display a site-specific phenotype characterized by expression of T-cell receptors","volume":"84","author":"Lakschevitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.136","article-title":"Characterization of the human immune cell network at the gingival barrier","volume":"9","author":"Dutzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12595","article-title":"Morphological characterization of para- and proinflammatory neutrophil phenotypes using transmission electron microscopy","volume":"53","author":"Borenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papantonopoulos, G., Delatola, C., Takahashi, K., Laine, M.L., and Loos, B.G. (2019). Hidden noise in immunologic parameters might explain rapid progression in aerly-onset peeriodontitis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224615"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12793","article-title":"Peripheral neutrophil phenotypes during management of periodontitis","volume":"56","author":"Medara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070107","article-title":"A hyperactive neutrophil phenotype in patients with refractory periodontitis","volume":"78","author":"Johnstone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5775","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5775","article-title":"Periodontitis associates with type 1 IFN signature in peripheral blood neutrophils","volume":"181","author":"Wright","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"535","article-title":"Cellular composition of long-standing gingivitis and periodontitis lesions","volume":"50","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516645564","article-title":"Distinct oral neutrophil subsets define health and periodontal disease states","volume":"95","author":"Fine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12628","article-title":"Peripheral blood neutrophil extracellular trap production and degradation in chronic periodontitis","volume":"43","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3A0520-081RR","article-title":"The neutrophil subset defined by CD177 expression is preferentially recruited to gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis","volume":"109","author":"Rudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8672604","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8672604","article-title":"The possible role of neutrophils in the induction of osteoclastogenesis","volume":"2019","author":"Moonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229ra40","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007696","article-title":"Defective neutrophil recruitment in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I disease causes IL-17-driven inflammatory bone loss","volume":"6","author":"Moutsopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12935","article-title":"A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification","volume":"45","author":"Caton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785","article-title":"Periodontitis: From microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1","article-title":"Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions","volume":"4","author":"Armitage","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12946","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2873","article-title":"The keystone-pathogen hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(00)00069-8","article-title":"Quantitative morphological analysis of Langerhans cells in healthy and diseased human gingiva","volume":"45","author":"Seguier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.22250102.x","article-title":"Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease","volume":"25","author":"Kinane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17038","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","article-title":"Periodontal diseases","volume":"3","author":"Kinane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"6","article-title":"Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps orchestrate initiation and resolution of inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Hahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313535","article-title":"CD177+ neutrophils as functionally activated neutrophils negatively regulate IBD","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00113","article-title":"Neutrophil: A cell with many roles in inflammation or several cell types?","volume":"9","author":"Rosales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40060654.x","article-title":"Variations in the expression of granulocyte antigen NB1","volume":"40","author":"Matsuo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00092.x","article-title":"Human neutrophil antigen-2a expression on neutrophils from healthy adults in western Japan","volume":"42","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2016.03.007","article-title":"Identification of neutrohpil surface marker changes in health and inflammation using high-thourhput screening flow cytometry","volume":"342","author":"Lakschevitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120154","article-title":"Complement and its receptors: New insights into human disease","volume":"32","author":"Holers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"467","article-title":"Neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"5","author":"Bestebroer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2109","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional plasticity of cells of innate immunity: Macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"Galli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0811417","article-title":"Olfactomedin 4 defines a subset of human neutrophils","volume":"91","author":"Clemmensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199805)41:5<900::AID-ART18>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"The murine homolog if the interleukin-8 receptor CXCR2 is essential for the occurrence of neutrophilic inflammation in the air pouch model of acute urate crystal-induced gouty synovitis","volume":"41","author":"Terkeltaub","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3547","article-title":"Aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps limit inflammation by degrading cytokines and chemokines","volume":"20","author":"Schauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15367","article-title":"Neutrophil ageing is regulated by the microbiome","volume":"525","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00684.x","article-title":"Levels of interleukin-17 in gingival crevicular fluid and in supernatants of cellular cultures of gingival tissue from patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"32","author":"Vernal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050376","article-title":"High expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand associated with human chronic periodontitis are mainly secreted by CD4+ T lymphocytes","volume":"77","author":"Vernal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080287","article-title":"Levels of interferon-gamma and transcription factor T-bet in progressive periodontal lesions in patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"80","author":"Dutzan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511401405","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions in progressive chronic periodontitis","volume":"90","author":"Dutzan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.09.001","article-title":"Immuno-microbial pathogenesis of periodontitis: Keystones, pathobionts, and the host response","volume":"35","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720140259","article-title":"Host response mechanisms in periodontal diseases","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37223","article-title":"Neutrophils responsive to endogenous IFN-B regulate tumor angiogenesis and growth in a mouse tumor model","volume":"120","author":"Jablonska","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33501","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16819","article-title":"IL-35 induces N2 phenotype of neutrophils to promote tumor growth","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0409235","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis translocation in mice with severe burn injury: A pathogenic role of CCL2 and alternatively activated macrophages (M2aMo abd M2cMc)","volume":"86","author":"Shigematsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085623","article-title":"Flagellin treatment prevents increased susceptibility to systemic bacterial infection after injury by inhibiting anti-inflammatory IL-10+IL-12- neutrophil polarization","volume":"9","author":"Neely","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6166","article-title":"M1\/M2 macrophages and the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"164","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"143","article-title":"Regulation of GRO alpha production in human granulocytes","volume":"45","author":"Gasperini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.09.007","article-title":"Close encounters of neutrofils and DCs","volume":"26","author":"Geijtenbeek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1232221","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1232221","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils display a distinct N1 profile following TGFB modulation: A transcriptomics analysis of pro- vs. antitumor TANs","volume":"5","author":"Shaul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-10-675173","article-title":"Peptidoglycan from the gut microbiota governs the lifespan of circulatinf phagocytes at homeostasis","volume":"127","author":"Hergott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301791","article-title":"Neutrophils exhibit differential requirements for homing molecules in their lymphatic and blood trafficking into draining lymph nodes","volume":"193","author":"Gorlino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.08.012","article-title":"Tumor entrained neutrophils inhibit seeding in the premetastasic lung","volume":"20","author":"Granot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.004","article-title":"Comparative reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with mammalian cells","volume":"71","author":"Rayner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.039","article-title":"Phenotypic diversity and plasticity in circulating neutrophil subpopulations in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Sagiv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.006","article-title":"Three different neutrophil subsets exhibited in mice with different susceptibilities to infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"21","author":"Tsuda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1626","article-title":"Interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), a member of the C-X-C- chemokine family, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis","volume":"210","author":"Strieter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0898-6","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomes induce N2 polarization of neutrophils to promote gastric cancer cell migration","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00532","article-title":"An attempt to polarize human neutrophils toward N1 and N2 phenotypes in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Ohms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01980","article-title":"Inefficient N2-Like neutrophils are promoted by androgens during infection","volume":"9","author":"Scaverlandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1286-4","article-title":"Immune suppression by neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Similarities and differences","volume":"70","author":"Pillay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/20\/12068\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:49:44Z","timestamp":1760143784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/20\/12068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232012068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232012068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]}}}