{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:19:20Z","timestamp":1771636760347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young and Middle-aged Technology Innovation Leading Talents and Teams","award":["20200301002RQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200301002RQ"]}]},{"name":"Young and Middle-aged Technology Innovation Leading Talents and Teams","award":["2020C038-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C038-3"]}]},{"name":"Young and Middle-aged Technology Innovation Leading Talents and Teams","award":["20210502005ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502005ZP"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Independent Innovation Ability of Jilin Province","award":["20200301002RQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200301002RQ"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Independent Innovation Ability of Jilin Province","award":["2020C038-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C038-3"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Independent Innovation Ability of Jilin Province","award":["20210502005ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502005ZP"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform and Talent Special Project","award":["20200301002RQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200301002RQ"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform and Talent Special Project","award":["2020C038-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C038-3"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Platform and Talent Special Project","award":["20210502005ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502005ZP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric ulcer (GU) is a peptic disease with high morbidity and mortality rates affecting approximately 4% of the population throughout the world. Current therapies for GU are limited by the high relapse incidence and side effects. Therefore, novel effective antiulcer drugs are urgently needed. Ginsenosides have shown good anti-GU effects, and the major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides, protopanaxatriol (PPT), is believed to be the active component. In this study, we evaluated the anti-GU effect of PPT in rats in an acetic acid-induced GU model. High (H-PPT) and medium (M-PPT) doses of PPT (20.0 and 10.0 mg\/mg\/day) significantly reduced the ulcer area and the ET-1, IL-6, EGF, SOD, MDA and TNF-\u03b1 levels in serum were regulated by PPT in a dose-dependent manner. We also investigated the mechanisms of anti-GU activity of PPT based on metabolomics coupled with network pharmacology strategy. The result was that 16 biomarkers, 3 targets and 3 metabolomic pathways were identified as playing a vital role in the treatment of GU with PPT and were further validated by molecular docking. In this study, we have demonstrated that the integrated analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology is an effective strategy for deciphering the complicated mechanisms of natural compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T22:18:13Z","timestamp":1665526693000},"page":"12097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integrated Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology to Decipher the Latent Mechanisms of Protopanaxatriol against Acetic Acid-Induced Gastric Ulcer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0694-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuizhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luying","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juntong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongxing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4020-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21280-7","article-title":"GWAS of peptic ulcer disease implicates Helicobacter pylori infection, other gastrointestinal disorders and depression","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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