{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:56:02Z","timestamp":1790787362237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["250443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250443"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["RP65-8\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP65-8\/001"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["281077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["281077"]}]},{"name":"Research and Graduate Studies, Khon Kaen University, Thailand","award":["250443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250443"]}]},{"name":"Research and Graduate Studies, Khon Kaen University, Thailand","award":["RP65-8\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP65-8\/001"]}]},{"name":"Research and Graduate Studies, Khon Kaen University, Thailand","award":["281077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["281077"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University","award":["250443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250443"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University","award":["RP65-8\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP65-8\/001"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University","award":["281077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["281077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that affects the world\u2019s popula-tion with chikungunya disease. Adaptation of the viral life cycle to their host cells\u2019 environment is a key step for establishing their infection and pathogenesis. Recently, the accumulating evidence advocates a principal role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, in both the infection and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, the participation of exosomes in CHIKV infec-tion and transmission is not well clarified. Here, we demonstrated that the CHIKV RNA and pro-teins were captured in exosomes, which were released by viral-infected epithelial cells. A viral genomic element in the isolated exosomes was infectious to na\u00efve mammalian epithelial cells. The assay of particle size distribution and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed CHIKV-derived exosomes with a size range from 50 to 250 nm. Treatments with RNase A, Triton X-100, and immunoglobulin G antibodies from CHIKV-positive patient plasma indicated that in-fectious viral elements are encompassed inside the exosomes. Interestingly, our viral plaque for-mation also exhibited that infectious viral elements might be securely transmitted to neighboring cells by a secreted exosomal pathway. Taken together, our recent findings emphasize the evidence for a complementary means of CHIKV infection and suggest the role of exosome-mediated CHIKV transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T22:18:13Z","timestamp":1665526693000},"page":"12117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Characterization and Involvement of Exosomes Originating from Chikungunya Virus-Infected Epithelial Cells in the Transmission of Infectious Viral Elements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5093-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao Chi Thi","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 4200, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2920-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ati","family":"Burassakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panwad","family":"Tongchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2406-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tipaya","family":"Ekalaksananan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirinart","family":"Aromseree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supranee","family":"Phanthanawiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yada","family":"Polsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-7876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neal","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7604-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans J.","family":"Overgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. 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