{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T15:21:48Z","timestamp":1793719308047,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteriophages (phages), as natural antibacterial agents, are being rediscovered because of the growing threat of multi- and pan-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens globally. However, with an estimated 1031 phages on the planet, finding the right phage to recognize a specific bacterial host is like looking for a needle in a trillion haystacks. The host range of a phage is primarily determined by phage tail fibers (or spikes), which initially mediate reversible and specific recognition and adsorption by susceptible bacteria. Recent significant advances at single-molecule and atomic levels have begun to unravel the structural organization of tail fibers and underlying mechanisms of phage\u2013host interactions. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and models of the tail fibers of the well-characterized T4 phage\u2019s interaction with host surface receptors. Structure\u2013function knowledge of tail fibers will pave the way for reprogramming phage host range and will bring future benefits through more-effective phage therapy in medicine. Furthermore, the design strategies of tail fiber engineering are briefly summarized, including machine-learning-assisted engineering inspired by the increasingly enormous amount of phage genetic information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T05:31:18Z","timestamp":1665552678000},"page":"12146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Understanding Bacteriophage Tail Fiber Interaction with Host Surface Receptor: The Key \u201cBlueprint\u201d for Reprogramming Phage Host Range"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarin","family":"Taslem Mourosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayobami","family":"Awe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-0591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himanshu","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrish","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VCU Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17112","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.112","article-title":"Bacteriophage evolution differs by host, lifestyle and genome","volume":"2","author":"Mavrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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