{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:33:08Z","timestamp":1792801988353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex and multifactorial disease, and one of the most prevalent worldwide. Chronic kidney disease\u2013mineral bone disorders (CKD\u2013MBD) with biochemical and hormonal alterations are part of the complications associated with the progression of CKD. Pathophysiology of CKD\u2013MBD focused on abnormalities in serum levels of several biomarkers (such as FGF-23, klotho, phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and PTH) which are discussed in this review. We therefore examine the prognostic association between CKD\u2013MBD and the increased risk for cardiovascular events, mortality, and CKD progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Lastly, we present specific treatments acting on CKD to prevent and treat the complications associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT): control of hyperphosphatemia (with dietary restriction, intestinal phosphate binders, and adequate dialysis), the use of calcimimetic agents, vitamin D, and analogues, and the use of bisphosphonates or denosumab in patients with osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T22:21:11Z","timestamp":1665699671000},"page":"12223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Mineral Bone Disorders in Kidney Disease Patients: The Ever-Current Topic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lilio","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS\u2014Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelodaniele","family":"Napoletano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS\u2014Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2168-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Provenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS\u2014Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Unit, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u2019\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS\u2014Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Comai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS\u2014Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"La Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS\u2014Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz174","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication-worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","volume":"34","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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