{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:24:25Z","timestamp":1788020665689,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2020-773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2020-773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipofuscin granules from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells contain bisretinoid fluorophores, which are photosensitizers and are phototoxic to cells. In the presence of oxygen, bisretinoids are oxidized to form various products, containing aldehydes and ketones, which are also potentially cytotoxic. In a prior study, we identified that bisretinoid oxidation and degradation products have both hydrophilic and amphiphilic properties, allowing their diffusion through the lipofuscin granule membrane into the RPE cell cytoplasm, and are thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-active. The purpose of the present study was to determine if these products exhibit a toxic effect to the RPE cell also in the absence of light. The experiments were performed using the lipofuscin-fed ARPE-19 cell culture. The RPE cell viability analysis was performed with the use of flow cytofluorimetry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. The results obtained indicated that the cell viability of the lipofuscin-fed ARPE-19 sample was clearly reduced not immediately after visible light irradiation for 18 h, but after 4 days maintaining in the dark. Consequently, we could conclude that bisretinoid oxidation products have a damaging effect on the RPE cell in the dark and can be considered as an aggravating factor in age-related macular degeneration progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T22:21:11Z","timestamp":1665699671000},"page":"12234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lipofuscin-Mediated Photic Stress Induces a Dark Toxic Effect on ARPE-19 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-056X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Feldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2817-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Ostrovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Sv. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, 59a Beskudnikovsky bld., 127486 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4243-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Yakovleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-5008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Dontsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Borzenok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sv. 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