{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:34:06Z","timestamp":1792010046181,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-13-00399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-13-00399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) cryogels cross-linked with diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butandiol (BDDGE) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDGE) have been compared in terms of 3D culturing HEK-293T cell line and preventing the bacterial colonization of the scaffolds. The first attempts to apply cryogels for the 3D co-culturing of bacteria and human cells have been undertaken toward the development of new models of host\u2013pathogen interactions and bioimplant-associated infections. Using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry, we have demonstrated that CMC cryogels provided microenvironment stimulating cell\u2013cell interactions and the growth of tightly packed multicellular spheroids, while cell\u2013substrate interactions dominated in both chitosan cryogels, despite a significant difference in swelling capacities and Young\u2019s modulus of BDDGE- and PEGDGE-cross-linked scaffolds. Chitosan cryogels demonstrated only mild antimicrobial properties against Pseudomonas fluorescence, and could not prevent the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in DMEM media. CMC cryogels were more efficient in preventing the adhesion and colonization of both P. fluorescence and S. aureus on the surface, demonstrating antifouling properties rather than the ability to kill bacteria. The application of CMC cryogels to 3D co-culture HEK-293T spheroids with P. fluorescence revealed a higher resistance of human cells to bacterial toxins than in the 2D co-culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1665973786000},"page":"12276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chitosan versus Carboxymethyl Chitosan Cryogels: Bacterial Colonization, Human Embryonic Kidney 293T Cell Culturing and Co-Culturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Boroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliya","family":"Privar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Maiorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Beleneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5361-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Eliseikina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Skatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Marinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4954-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Bratskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB03341B","article-title":"A Skin-Inspired 3D Bilayer Scaffold Enhances Granulation Tissue Formation and Anti-Infection for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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