{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T20:23:22Z","timestamp":1788639802314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of La Laguna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular affection and premature death worldwide. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is the most common animal model of hypertension, which is characterized by secondary ventricular dilation and hydrocephalus. Aquaporin (AQP) 1 and 4 are the main water channels responsible for the brain\u2019s water balance. The present study focuses on defining the expression of AQPs through the time course of the development of spontaneous chronic hypertension. We performed immunofluorescence and ELISA to examine brain AQPs from 10 SHR, and 10 Wistar\u2013Kyoto (WKY) rats studied at 6 and 12 months old. There was a significant decrease in AQP1 in the choroid plexus of the SHR-12-months group compared with the age-matched control (p &lt; 0.05). In the ependyma, AQP4 was significantly decreased only in the SHR-12-months group compared with the control or SHR-6-months groups (p &lt; 0.05). Per contra, AQP4 increased in astrocytes end-feet of 6 months and 12 months SHR rats (p &lt; 0.05). CSF AQP detection was higher in the SHR-12-months group than in the age-matched control group. CSF findings were confirmed by Western blot. In SHR, ependymal and choroidal AQPs decreased over time, while CSF AQPs levels increased. In turn, astrocytes AQP4 increased in SHR rats. These AQP alterations may underlie hypertensive-dependent ventriculomegaly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1665973786000},"page":"12277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Altered Expression of AQP1 and AQP4 in Brain Barriers and Cerebrospinal Fluid May Affect Cerebral Water Balance during Chronic Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Marrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Campus de Guajara, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas Biom\u00e9dicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Soto-Viera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Puerto del Rosario, 35600 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia M.","family":"Carmona-Calero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Perdomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Campus de Guajara, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-5-10","article-title":"Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Johanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. 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