{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:18:01Z","timestamp":1777504681960,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCN-1-193\/N\/9\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-193\/N\/9\/K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is a chronic disease affecting children in early childhood. It is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema and hyperlipidemia. To date, the diagnosis is usually established at an advanced stage of proteinuria. Therefore, new methods of early INS detection are desired. This study was designed to assess brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a potential marker in the early diagnosis of INS. The study group included patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (n = 30) hospitalized in Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Zabrze, from December 2019 to December 2021. Our study shows that serum BDNF concentration decreased and urine BDNF concentration increased in a group of patients with INS, compared with healthy controls. Such outcomes might be related to loss of the BDNF contribution in podocyte structure maintenance. Moreover, we anticipate the role of BDNF in urine protein concentration increase, which could be used as a direct predictor of urine protein fluctuations in clinical practice. Moreover, the ROC curve has also shown that serum BDNF and urine BDNF levels might be useful as an INS marker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1665973786000},"page":"12312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Concentration in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6947-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Bade\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Bade\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"\u015awi\u0119tochowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Didyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nephrology with Dialysis Division for Children, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Morawiec-Knysak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nephrology with Dialysis Division for Children, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Szczepa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","article-title":"Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"392","author":"Noone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2017.1374003","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in infants and children: Pathophysiology and management","volume":"37","author":"Downie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"36","article-title":"The Polish Society for Pediatric Nephrology (PTNFD) recommendations on the management of children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Grenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren. Dis. Transplant. Forum"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.57.7.544","article-title":"Long-term outcome of primary nephrotic syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Koskimies","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V85769","article-title":"Prognostic significance of the early course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome: Report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"8","author":"Tarshish","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.03.050","article-title":"Children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome come of age: Long-term outcome","volume":"147","author":"Ruth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91266-X","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome: From toddlers to twenties","volume":"33","author":"Lewis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50116","article-title":"Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: From childhood to adulthood","volume":"41","author":"Fakhouri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5414\/CN108044","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: From childhood to adulthood","volume":"81","author":"Skrzypczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3136-0","article-title":"A predictive model of progressive chronic kidney disease in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Mendonca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2097-0","article-title":"Differential risk of remission and ESRD in childhood FSGS","volume":"21","author":"Gipson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2002","article-title":"Cell biology of the glomerular podocyte","volume":"83","author":"Kriz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240371","article-title":"Structure and function of podocytes: An update","volume":"192","author":"Mundel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4484","article-title":"BDNF repairs podocyte damage by microRNA-mediated increase of actin polymerization","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.1.1","article-title":"The murine nephrin gene is specifically expressed in kidney, brain and pancreas: Inactivation of the gene leads to massive proteinuria and neonatal death","volume":"10","author":"Putaala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1063(2000)10:5<569::AID-HIPO7>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Potential role of synaptopodin in spine motility by coupling actin to the spine apparatus","volume":"10","author":"Deller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2013","article-title":"Dendritic spines: The locus of structural and functional plasticity","volume":"94","author":"Sala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050311-163340","article-title":"Podocyte biology and pathogenesis of kidney disease","volume":"64","author":"Reiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020911-153238","article-title":"Cell biology and pathology of podocytes","volume":"74","author":"Greka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02532343","article-title":"Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and GDNF) and their receptors (p75NGFR, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) in the adult human peripheral nervous system and nonneural tissues","volume":"21","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-003-0364-z","article-title":"TRK neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in the kidney of frog (Rana esculenta) and lizard (Podarcis sicula): An immunohistochemical study","volume":"207","author":"Arcamone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Cellular localization of the Trk neurotrophin receptor family in human non-neuronal tissues","volume":"148","author":"Shibayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20367","article-title":"Expression of TrkB in the murine kidney","volume":"69","author":"Germana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-12-03887.1996","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4\/5 stimulate growth of axonal branches from regenerating retinal ganglion cells","volume":"16","author":"Sawai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1038\/nn927","article-title":"BDNF release from single cells elicits local dendritic growth in nearby neurons","volume":"5","author":"Horch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2007.06.006","article-title":"Actin up: Regulation of podocyte structure and function by components of the actin cytoskeleton","volume":"17","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1006\/scel.1994.1024","article-title":"Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in living cells","volume":"5","author":"Theriot","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.11.001","article-title":"Signaling mechanisms and functional roles of cofilin phosphorylation and dephosphorylation","volume":"25","author":"Mizuno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22676","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.122929","article-title":"Actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin-1 is necessary in maintaining mature podocyte architecture","volume":"285","author":"Garg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0165-6","article-title":"LIM kinases: Function, regulation and association with human disease","volume":"85","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31820b9365","article-title":"Linkage and association study of neurotrophins and their receptors as novel susceptibility genes for childhood IgA nephropathy","volume":"69","author":"Hahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-15-05775.2000","article-title":"BDNF protects the neonatal brain from hypoxic\u2013ischemic injury in vivo via the ERK pathway","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.05.012","article-title":"Protective effect of BDNF against beta-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in rats","volume":"31","author":"Arancibia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1912","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rodent and primate models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Nagahara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3505","article-title":"BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5962","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0651","article-title":"On Trk\u2014The TrkB signal transduction pathway is an increasingly important target in cancer biology","volume":"15","author":"Thiele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"238","article-title":"Recommendations of Polish Society Paediatric Nephrology for the management of the child with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Grenda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forum Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"690","article-title":"Percentile charts of height, body mass and body mass index in children and adolescents in Poland\u2014Results of the OLAF study","volume":"7","author":"Palczewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stand. Med. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"100","article-title":"Distribution of blood pressure in school-aged children and adolescents reference population","volume":"7","author":"Litwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stand. Med. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/20\/12312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:21Z","timestamp":1760144061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/20\/12312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232012312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232012312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}