{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:28:28Z","timestamp":1791379708563,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["15103418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15103418"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["81870586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870586"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15103418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15103418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University FHSS\/HTI internal grant","award":["15103418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15103418"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University FHSS\/HTI internal grant","award":["81870586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870586"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its related complications are becoming one of the most important health problems globally. The liver functions as both a metabolic and an immune organ. The crosstalk between hepatocytes and intrahepatic immune cells plays a key role in coordinating a dual function of the liver in terms of the protection of the host from antigenic overload as a result of receiving nutrients and gut microbiota antigenic stimulation via facilitating immunologic tolerance. B cells are the most abundant lymphocytes in the liver. The crucial role of intrahepatic B cells in energy metabolism under different immune conditions is now emerging in the literature. The accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the antibodies and cytokines produced by B cells in the microenvironment play key and distinct roles in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Herein, we have aimed to consolidate and update the current knowledge about the pathophysiological roles of B cells as well as the underlying mechanisms in energy metabolism. Understanding how B cells can exacerbate and suppress liver damage by exploiting the antibodies and cytokines they produce will be of great importance for designing B-cell targeting therapies to treat various liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1665973786000},"page":"12376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Role of B Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD: A 2022 Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chu-Jun","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5519-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tak-Ho","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka-Ying","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5748-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Yao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3925-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zou","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ming","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23527","article-title":"The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Ascha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.02.001","article-title":"NAFLD and autoimmune hepatitis: Do not judge a book by its cover","volume":"75","author":"Dalekos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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