{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:12:27Z","timestamp":1791519147661,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Committee of the University of Crete (ELKE)","award":["KA: 10985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA: 10985"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An amphiphilic copolymer of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and acrylic acid\u2014namely, p(VP-AA)-OD6000 (p(VP-AA))\u2014was synthesized to prepare p(VP-AA) nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, the copolymer was linked with CFSE, and the so-prepared nanoparticles were loaded with the DiI dye to form D nanoparticles (DNPs). In this study, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy, immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy, DNPs were readily taken up by human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Upon uptake, both the CFSE dye (green stain) and the DiI dye (red stain) were localized to the cytoplasm of treated cells. Treatment with p(VP-AA) did not affect the viability of normal and challenged with LPS, HMEC-1 cells at 0.010 mg\/mL and induced a dose-dependent decrease of these cells\u2019 viability at the higher concentrations of 0.033 and 0.066 mg\/mL (p \u2264 0.01; p \u2264 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, we focused on the potential immunological activation of HMEC-1 endothelial cells upon p(VP-AA) NPs treatment by assessing the expression of adhesion molecules (E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and V-CAM). NPs treatments at concentrations utilized (p = NS) did not affect individual adhesion molecules\u2019 expression. p(VP-AA) NPs do not activate the endothelium and do not affect its viability at pharmacologically relevant concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"12446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In Vitro Assessment of Poly-N-Vinylpyrrolidone\/Acrylic Acid Nanoparticles Biocompatibility in a Microvascular Endothelium Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Berdiaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8140-2754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey N.","family":"Kuskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Substances, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel P.","family":"Kulikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia-Nefeli","family":"Thrapsanioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini-Maria","family":"Giatagana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polychronis","family":"Stivaktakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail I.","family":"Shtilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sqr. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristidis","family":"Tsatsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3882-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Nikitovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, S., and Kang, P.M. 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