{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:35:00Z","timestamp":1788910500292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a kidney illness characterized by excessive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, which may lead to kidney failure and necessitate renal transplantation. End-stage renal disease, cardiovascular issues, and mortality are much more common in those with NS. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify potential new biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis and diagnosis of NS. The liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) metabolomics approach was applied to profile the metabolome of human serum of patients with NS. A total of 176 metabolites were significantly altered in NS compared to the control. Arginine, proline, and tryptophan metabolism; arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis were the most common metabolic pathways dysregulated in NS. Furthermore, alanyl-lysine and isoleucyl-threonine had the highest discrimination between NS and healthy groups. The candidate biomarkers may lead to understanding the possible metabolic alterations associated with NS and serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T22:49:46Z","timestamp":1666306186000},"page":"12614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Metabolomics Profiling of Nephrotic Syndrome towards Biomarker Discovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Minnie","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11121, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Refat M.","family":"Nimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad S.","family":"Alabdaljabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11121, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8266-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essa M.","family":"Sabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Laboratory Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mysoon M.","family":"Al-Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged","family":"Housien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9595-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Sumaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Laboratory Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4688-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina A.","family":"Dahabiyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11972, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9527-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas M.","family":"Abdel Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genome Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh 11121, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.09.010","article-title":"Predicting and defining steroid resistance in pediatric nephrotic syndrome using plasma metabolomics","volume":"5","author":"Gooding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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