{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T22:21:44Z","timestamp":1786486904947,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20201256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["021414380503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021414380503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KF-GN-202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-GN-202101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["82173871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173871"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["81872916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872916"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20201256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201256"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["021414380503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021414380503"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["KF-GN-202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-GN-202101"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["82173871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173871"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["81872916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872916"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["BK20201256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201256"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["021414380503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021414380503"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["KF-GN-202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-GN-202101"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Nanjing University","award":["82173871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173871"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Nanjing University","award":["81872916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872916"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Nanjing University","award":["BK20201256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201256"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Nanjing University","award":["021414380503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021414380503"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Nanjing University","award":["KF-GN-202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-GN-202101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the recent availability and upgrading of many emerging intestinal microbes sequencing technologies, our research on intestinal microbes is changing rapidly. A variety of investigations have found that intestinal microbes are essential for immune system regulation and energy metabolism homeostasis, which impacts many critical organs. The liver is the first organ to be traversed by the intestinal portal vein, and there is a strong bidirectional link between the liver and intestine. Many intestinal factors, such as intestinal microbes, bacterial composition, and intestinal bacterial metabolites, are deeply involved in liver homeostasis. Intestinal microbial dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability are associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic liver diseases, such as alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC), autoimmune liver disease (AIH) and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Intestinal permeability and dysbacteriosis often lead to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolites entering in serum. Then, Toll-like receptors activation in the liver induces the exposure of the intestine and liver to many small molecules with pro-inflammatory properties. And all of these eventually result in various liver diseases. In this paper, we have discussed the current evidence on the role of various intestinal microbes in different chronic liver diseases. As well as potential new therapeutic approaches are proposed in this review, such as antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics, which may have an improvement in liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1666586436000},"page":"12661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Role of Intestinal Microbes in Chronic Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mengyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangkang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2260-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953196","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.953196","article-title":"Diet, microbiota, and the mucus layer: The guardians of our health","volume":"13","author":"Suriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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