{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:17:29Z","timestamp":1790705849490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Agency for Research &amp; Technology (ANRT)","award":["N\u00b02018\/0160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b02018\/0160"]}]},{"name":"Eyevensys","award":["N\u00b02018\/0160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b02018\/0160"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is essential for retinal metabolism, but an excess of ferrous iron causes oxidative stress. In glaucomatous eyes, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death has been associated with dysregulation of iron homeostasis. Transferrin (TF) is an endogenous iron transporter that controls ocular iron levels. Intraocular administration of TF is neuroprotective in various models of retinal degeneration, preventing iron overload and reducing iron-induced oxidative stress. Herein, we assessed the protective effects of TF on RGC survival, using ex vivo rat retinal explants exposed to iron, NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, or CoCl2-induced hypoxia, and an in vivo rat model of ocular hypertension (OHT). TF significantly preserved RGCs against FeSO4-induced toxicity, NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, and CoCl2-induced hypoxia. TF protected RGCs from apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necrosis. In OHT rats, TF reduced RGC loss by about 70% compared to vehicle-treated animals and preserved about 47% of the axons. Finally, increased iron staining was shown in the retina of a glaucoma patient\u2019s eye as compared to non-glaucomatous eyes. These results indicate that TF can interfere with different cell-death mechanisms involved in glaucoma pathogenesis and demonstrate the ability of TF to protect RGCs exposed to elevated IOP. Altogether, these results suggest that TF is a promising treatment against glaucoma neuropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1666586436000},"page":"12753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Transferrin in Experimental Glaucoma Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Youale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eyevensys, 11 Rue Watt, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Bigot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eyevensys, 11 Rue Watt, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4956-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bindu","family":"Kodati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thara","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana Yaa","family":"Nsiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Pappenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise M.","family":"Inman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine","family":"Behar-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eyevensys, 11 Rue Watt, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Bordet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eyevensys, 11 Rue Watt, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. 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