{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:28:53Z","timestamp":1791815333598,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM-PAIP","award":["5000-9047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5000-9047"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-PAIP","award":["314819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314819"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-PAIP","award":["335983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335983"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACyT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5000-9047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5000-9047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACyT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACyT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["335983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, the interest in metallodrugs as therapeutic agents has increased. Casiopeinas are copper-based compounds that have been evaluated in several tumor cell lines. Currently, casiopeina III-ia (CasIII-ia) is being evaluated in phase I clinical trials. The aim of the present work is to develop a niosome formulation containing CasIII-ia for intravenous administration through a quality-by-design (QbD) approach. Risk analysis was performed to identify the factors that may have an impact on CasIII-ia encapsulation. The developed nanoformulation optimized from the experimental design was characterized by spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and electronic microscopy. In vitro drug release showed a burst effect followed by a diffusion-dependent process. The niosomes showed physical stability for at least three months at 37 \u00b0C and 75% relative humidity. The in vitro test showed activity of the encapsulated CasIII-ia on a metastatic breast cancer cell line and the in vivo test of nanoencapsulated CasIII-ia maintained the activity of the free compound, but showed a diminished toxicity. Therefore, the optimal conditions obtained by QbD may improve the scaling-up process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1666586436000},"page":"12756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Development and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of an Antineoplastic Copper(II) Compound (Casiopeina III-ia) Loaded in Nonionic Vesicles Using Quality by Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zenayda","family":"Aguilar-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica y Nuclear, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City DF 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica y Nuclear, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City DF 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia G.","family":"D\u00e1vila-Manzanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica y Nuclear, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. 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