{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:32:18Z","timestamp":1788571938768,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in the demand for Paracentrotus lividus roe, a food delicacy, causes increased pressure on its wild stocks. In this scenario, aquaculture facilities will mitigate the effects of anthropogenic pressures on the wild stocks of P. lividus. Consequently, experimental studies should be conducted to enhance techniques to improve efficient aquaculture practices for these animals. Here, we for the first time performed molecular investigations on cultured sea urchins. We aimed at understanding if maternal influences may significantly impact the life of future offspring, and how the culture conditions may impact the development and growth of cultured specimens. Our findings demonstrate that the outcomes of in vitro fertilization of P. lividus are influenced by maternal influences, but these effects are largely determined by culture conditions. In fact, twenty-three genes involved in the response to stress and skeletogenesis, whose expressions were measured by Real Time qPCR, were differently expressed in sea urchins cultured in two experimental conditions, and the results were largely modified in offspring deriving from two groups of females. The findings herein reported will be critical to develop protocols for the larval culture of the most common sea urchin, both for research and industrial production purposes for mass production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T06:37:45Z","timestamp":1666593465000},"page":"12790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gene Expression Detects the Factors Influencing the Reproductive Success and the Survival Rates of Paracentrotus lividus Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Serena","family":"Federico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton n. 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8746-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Glaviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, 80077 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton n. 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maissa","family":"Gharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) Palazzo Blumenstihl Via Vittoria Colonna, 1, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Di Cosmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3978-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton n. 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Zupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, 80077 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.09.018","article-title":"Suspension of Annual Gametogenesis in North American Green Sea Urchins (Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis) Experiencing Invariant Photoperiod\u2014Applications for Land-Based Aquaculture","volume":"261","author":"Devin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627259","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.627259","article-title":"Sea Urchin as a Universal Model for Studies of Gene Networks","volume":"11","author":"Adonin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrone, V., Piscopo, M., Romano, G., Ianora, A., Palumbo, A., and Costantini, M. (2012). Defensome against Toxic Diatom Aldehydes in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031750"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32157","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32157","article-title":"New Insights into Negative Effects of Lithium on Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus Embryos","volume":"6","author":"Ruocco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, G., Costantini, M., Buttino, I., Ianora, A., and Palumbo, A. (2011). Nitric Oxide Mediates the Stress Response Induced by Diatom Aldehydes in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025980"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1051\/alr:2005004","article-title":"Year-Round Captive Spawning Performance of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus: Relevance for the Use of Its Larvae as Live Feed","volume":"18","author":"Luis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat. Living Resour."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.01.015","article-title":"The Effect of Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Concentration on the Biochemical Composition and Gametogenic Condition of the Sea Urchin Lytechinus Variegatus","volume":"334","author":"Hammer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.10.037","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Microalgae on Growth, Survival and Fatty Acid Composition of Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus throughout Larval Development","volume":"324","author":"Carboni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.03.026","article-title":"Larval Development and Metamorphosis in the Sea Urchin Loxechinus Albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Effects of Diet Type and Feeding Frequency","volume":"249","author":"Candia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.02.003","article-title":"Optimising Microalgae Diets in Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus Larviculture to Promote Aquaculture Diversification","volume":"490","author":"Buzin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00296-3","article-title":"Morphology and Survivorship of Larval Psammechinus Miliaris (Gmelin) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Response to Varying Food Quantity and Quality","volume":"183","author":"Kelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.12.022","article-title":"The Effect of Diet Type on Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of the Sea Urchin Larvae, II. Psammechinus Miliaris (Gmelin)","volume":"264","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"59","article-title":"Nutritional Value and Uses of Microalgae in Aquaculture","volume":"10","author":"Guedes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(96)01501-3","article-title":"Nutritional Properties of Microalgae for Mariculture","volume":"151","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.05.028","article-title":"Effect of Five Benthic Diatoms on the Survival and Development of Paracentrotus Lividus Post-Larvae in the Laboratory","volume":"495","author":"Zupo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24023-9","article-title":"Toxigenic Effects of Two Benthic Diatoms upon Grazing Activity of the Sea Urchin: Morphological, Metabolomic and de Novo Transcriptomic Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ruocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2020.04.001","article-title":"Maternal Control of Early Patterning in Sea Urchin Embryos","volume":"113","author":"Kipryushina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.09.031","article-title":"Sea Urchin Forkhead Gene Family: Phylogeny and Embryonic Expression","volume":"300","author":"Tu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2007.10.012","article-title":"A Wnt-FoxQ2-Nodal Pathway Links Primary and Secondary Axis Specification in Sea Urchin Embryos","volume":"14","author":"Yaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1890\/12-0462.1","article-title":"Early Maternal Experience Shapes Offspring Performance in the Wild","volume":"94","author":"Burton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1218.1","article-title":"Maternal Influences on Population Dynamics: Evidence from an Exploited Freshwater Fish","volume":"91","author":"Venturelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(08)00001-1","article-title":"Maternal Effects in Fish Populations","volume":"54","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0449.1","article-title":"Transgenerational Plasticity in the Sea: Context-dependent Maternal Effects across the Life History","volume":"89","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.04.005","article-title":"Developmental Plasticity and the Evolution of Parental Effects","volume":"23","author":"Uller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01434.x","article-title":"Maternal Effects Mediated by Maternal Age: From Life Histories to Population Dynamics","volume":"77","author":"Benton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Leber, K.M., Lorenzen, K., Main, K.L., Moe, M., Vaughan, D., Capo, T., Bardales, A., and Gillette, P. (2009). Developing Restoration Methods to Aid in Recovery of a Key Herbivore, Diadema Antillarum, on Florida Coral Reefs-2008\/2009 Final Report (April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009), University of Miami."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Grosjean, P. (2001). Growth Model of the Reared Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus (Lamarck, 1816). [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Mons]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(95)00200-6","article-title":"Experimental Study of Growth in the Echinoid Paracentrotus Lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata)","volume":"201","author":"Grosjean","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.3390\/md12042089","article-title":"Molecular Response to Toxic Diatom-Derived Aldehydes in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus","volume":"12","author":"Varrella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw053","article-title":"First Morphological and Molecular Evidence of the Negative Impact of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacids on the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus","volume":"151","author":"Varrella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruocco, N., Costantini, S., Zupo, V., Romano, G., Ianora, A., Fontana, A., and Costantini, M. (2017). High-Quality RNA Extraction from the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus Embryos. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172171"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.062","article-title":"First Molecular Evidence of the Toxicogenetic Effects of Copper on Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus Embryo Development","volume":"160","author":"Morroni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albarano, L., Zupo, V., Guida, M., Libralato, G., Caramiello, D., Ruocco, N., and Costantini, M. (2021). PAHs and PCBs Affect Functionally Intercorrelated Genes in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus Embryos. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212498"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12911","article-title":"The Newly Characterized Pl-jun Is Specifically Expressed in Skeletogenic Cells of the Paracentrotus Lividus Sea Urchin Embryo","volume":"281","author":"Russo","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varrella, S., Romano, G., Costantini, S., Ruocco, N., Ianora, A., Bentley, M.G., and Costantini, M. (2016). Toxic Diatom Aldehydes Affect Defence Gene Networks in Sea Urchins. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149734"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.04.012","article-title":"Diatom-Derived Oxylipins Induce Cell Death in Sea Urchin Embryos Activating Caspase-8 and Caspase 3\/7","volume":"176","author":"Ruocco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37546-y","article-title":"Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Polyunsaturated Aldehyde Mixtures on Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus Development","volume":"9","author":"Ruocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, R., Ruocco, N., Albarano, L., Ianora, A., Manfra, L., Libralato, G., and Costantini, M. (2020). Combined Effects of Diatom-Derived Oxylipins on the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030719"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsv254","article-title":"Transgenerational Responses of Molluscs and Echinoderms to Changing Ocean Conditions","volume":"73","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-008-1045-5","article-title":"Maternal Provisioning for Larvae and Larval Provisioning for Juveniles in the Toxopneustid Sea Urchin Tripneustes Gratilla","volume":"155","author":"Byrne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00076","article-title":"Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance in Animals","volume":"3","author":"Kovalchuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12185","article-title":"Predicting Evolutionary Responses to Climate Change in the Sea","volume":"16","author":"Munday","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2010.06.010","article-title":"Sea Urchin Development in a Global Change Hotspot, Potential for Southerly Migration of Thermotolerant Propagules","volume":"58","author":"Byrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12280","article-title":"Transgenerational Plasticity in Marine Sticklebacks: Maternal Effects Mediate Impacts of a Warming Ocean","volume":"28","author":"Shama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610108104","article-title":"Embryo Stability and Vulnerability in an Always Changing World","volume":"104","author":"Hamdoun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12316","article-title":"Adult Acclimation to Combined Temperature and pH Stressors Significantly Enhances Reproductive Outcomes Compared to Short-term Exposures","volume":"84","author":"Suckling","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.01.014","article-title":"Transgenerational Effects of Ocean Warming on the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Intermedius","volume":"151","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlegel, P., Havenhand, J.N., Gillings, M.R., and Williamson, J.E. (2012). Individual Variability in Reproductive Success Determines Winners and Losers under Ocean Acidification: A Case Study with Sea Urchins. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053118"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00258","article-title":"Response of Sea Urchin Fitness Traits to Environmental Gradients across the Southern California Oxygen Minimum Zone","volume":"5","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vafidis, D., Antoniadou, C., and Kyriakouli, K. (2019). Reproductive Cycle of the Edible Sea Urchin Paracentrotus Lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidae) in the Aegean Sea. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11051029"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-013-9717-7","article-title":"Effects of Biofilms as the Main and as a Supplementary Food on the Survival, Somatic Growth and Gonad Enhancement of Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Intermedius","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinde, E., Christie, H., Fagerli, C.W., Bekkby, T., Gundersen, H., Norderhaug, K.M., and Hjermann, D.\u00d8. (2014). The Influence of Physical Factors on Kelp and Sea Urchin Distribution in Previously and Still Grazed Areas in the NE Atlantic. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100222"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3354\/meps172239","article-title":"Larval Abundance, Recruitment and Early Mortality in Paracentrotus Lividus (Echinoidea). Interannual Variability and Plankton-Benthos Coupling","volume":"172","author":"Turon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58643-x","article-title":"Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Identify Critical Genes in Eicosapentaenoic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Intermedius","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22746","article-title":"Model of the Delayed Translation of Cyclin B Maternal MRNA after Sea Urchin Fertilization","volume":"83","author":"Picard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64872-x","article-title":"Transcriptomes Shed Light on Transgenerational and Developmental Effects of Ocean Warming on Embryos of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Intermedius","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2016.04.001","article-title":"Mechanisms, Timescales and Principles of Trans-Generational Epigenetic Inheritance in Animals","volume":"36","author":"Klosin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2011.00213.x","article-title":"The Implications of Nongenetic Inheritance for Evolution in Changing Environments","volume":"5","author":"Bonduriansky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1071\/RD14049","article-title":"Impacts of and Interactions between Environmental Stress and Epigenetic Programming during Early Embryo Development","volume":"27","author":"Bertoldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masullo, T., Biondo, G., Natale, M.D., Tagliavia, M., Bennici, C.D., Musco, M., Ragusa, M.A., Costa, S., Cuttitta, A., and Nicosia, A. (2021). Gene Expression Changes after Parental Exposure to Metals in the Sea Urchin Affect Timing of Genetic Programme of Embryo Development. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020103"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.08.066","article-title":"The Chemical Defensome: Environmental Sensing and Response Genes in the Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus Genome","volume":"300","author":"Goldstone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, L.G., and Eddy, S.D. (2015). Sea Urchin Ecology and Biology. Echinoderm Aquaculture, Wiley. Part I, Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119005810.ch1"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"179","article-title":"Sea Urchin Aquaculture","volume":"Volume 46","author":"McBride","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Fisheries Society Symposium"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-2275-7","article-title":"Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Sea Urchin Development Assessed by SSH and RT-QPCR: Metallothionein Genes and Their Differential Induction","volume":"40","author":"Ragusa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A New Mathematical Model for Relative Quantification in Real-Time RT\u2013PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.9.e36","article-title":"Relative Expression Software Tool (REST\u00a9) for Group-Wise Comparison and Statistical Analysis of Relative Expression Results in Real-Time PCR","volume":"30","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","article-title":"STRING V11: Protein\u2013Protein Association Networks with Increased Coverage, Supporting Functional Discovery in Genome-Wide Experimental Datasets","volume":"47","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/12790\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:35Z","timestamp":1760144495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/12790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232112790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232112790","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]}}}