{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:27:07Z","timestamp":1783081627859,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Council, Taiwan","award":["NSC 101-2320-B-039-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 101-2320-B-039-026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide, and seeking a potential treatment is essential. Trilinolein (TriL) is a natural triacylglycerol presented in several plants. The effects of TriL on cerebrovascular diseases such as cerebral ischemia and carotid stenosis have never been studied. Accordingly, we investigated the protection of TriL on cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration in vivo and in vitro. The cerebral infarction area, the intima to media area (I\/M ratio), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-staining of the carotid artery were measured. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-stimulated A7r5 cell migration and potential mechanisms of TriL were investigated by wound healing, transwell, and Western blotting. TriL (50, 100, and 200 mg\/kg, p.o.) reduced: the cerebral infarction area; neurological deficit; TUNEL-positive apoptosis; intimal hyperplasia; and PCNA-positive cells in rodents. TriL (5, 10, and 20 \u00b5M) significantly inhibited PDGF-BB-stimulated A7r5 cell migration and reduced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), Ras, MEK, and p-ERK protein levels in PDGF-BB-stimulated A7r5 cells. TriL is protective in models of I\/R-induced brain injury, carotid artery ligation-induced intimal hyperplasia, and VSMC migration both in vivo and in vitro. TriL could be potentially efficacious in preventing cerebral ischemia and cerebrovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"12820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Trilinolein, a Natural Triacylglycerol, Protects Cerebral Ischemia through Inhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis and Ameliorates Intimal Hyperplasia via Attenuation of Migration and Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and RAS\/MEK\/ERK Signaling Pathway in VSMCs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yuh-Fung","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Jen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian-Ru","family":"Siao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huei-Yann","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000375","article-title":"2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack","volume":"52","author":"Kleindorfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l6983","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6983","article-title":"Management of acute ischemic stroke","volume":"368","author":"Phipps","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, January 05). 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