{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:12:19Z","timestamp":1783523539945,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (MIS-C) is characterized by persistent fever and evidence of single or multiorgan dysfunction, and laboratory evidence of inflammation, elevated neutrophils, reduced lymphocytes, and low albumin. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MIS-C are still unknown. Proinflammatory mediators, including reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzymes, seems to play a central role. Virus entry activates NOXs and inhibits Nrf-2 antioxidant response inducing free radicals. The biological functions of nonphagocytic NOXs are still under study and appear to include: defense of epithelia, intracellular signaling mechanisms for growth regulation and cell differentiation, and post-translational modifications of proteins. This educational review has the aim of analyzing the newest evidence on the role of oxidative stress (OS) in MIS-C. Only by relating inflammatory mediators to OS evaluation in children following SARS-CoV-2 infection will it be possible to achieve a better understanding of these mechanisms and to reduce long-term morbidity. The link between inflammation and OS is key to developing effective prevention strategies with antioxidants to protect children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T22:00:27Z","timestamp":1666735227000},"page":"12836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Pediatric Multisystem Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (MIS-C): The Interplay of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serafina","family":"Perrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Antonio Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4464-9421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cannav\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immacolata","family":"Rulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Buonocore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 36, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Antonio Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloisa","family":"Gitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, March 29). 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