{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:46:45Z","timestamp":1784288805540,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["324392634-TRR 221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324392634-TRR 221"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["70114009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70114009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["324392634-TRR 221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324392634-TRR 221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70114009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70114009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inhibitory targeting of the CD40L-CD40 system is a promising therapeutic option in the field of organ transplantation and is also attractive in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. After early complex results with neutralizing CD40L antibodies, it turned out that lack of Fc\u03b3 receptor (Fc\u03b3R)-binding is the crucial factor for the development of safe inhibitory antibodies targeting CD40L or CD40. Indeed, in recent years, blocking CD40 antibodies not interacting with Fc\u03b3Rs, has proven to be well tolerated in clinical studies and has shown initial clinical efficacy. Stimulation of CD40 is also of considerable therapeutic interest, especially in cancer immunotherapy. CD40 can be robustly activated by genetically engineered variants of soluble CD40L but also by anti-CD40 antibodies. However, the development of CD40L-based agonists is biotechnologically and pharmacokinetically challenging, and anti-CD40 antibodies typically display only strong agonism in complex with Fc\u03b3Rs or upon secondary crosslinking. The latter, however, typically results in poorly developable mixtures of molecule species of varying stoichiometry and Fc\u03b3R-binding by anti-CD40 antibodies can elicit unwanted side effects such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of CD40 expressing immune cells. Here, we summarize and compare strategies to overcome the unwanted target cell-destroying activity of anti-CD40-Fc\u03b3R complexes, especially the use of Fc\u03b3R type-specific mutants and the Fc\u03b3R-independent cell surface anchoring of bispecific anti-CD40 fusion proteins. Especially, we discuss the therapeutic potential of these strategies in view of the emerging evidence for the dose-limiting activities of systemic CD40 engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T22:00:27Z","timestamp":1666735227000},"page":"12869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fc\u03b3Rs and Their Relevance for the Activity of Anti-CD40 Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6369-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabell","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, Auvera Haus, Gromb\u00fchlstrasse 12, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Zaitseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, Auvera Haus, Gromb\u00fchlstrasse 12, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2005-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Wajant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, Auvera Haus, Gromb\u00fchlstrasse 12, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00237-9","article-title":"The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: Integrating mammalian biology","volume":"104","author":"Locksley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13968","article-title":"Cell death-independent activities of the death receptors CD95, TRAILR1, and TRAILR2","volume":"284","author":"Siegmund","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-2187-8-7","article-title":"TRAF molecules in cell signaling and in human diseases","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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