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AD occurs in two forms, early onset familial and late-onset sporadic; genetic mutations in PS1, PS2, and APP genes cause early onset familial AD, and a combination of lifestyle, environment and genetic factors causes the late-onset sporadic form of the disease. However, accelerated disease progression is noticed in patients with familial AD. Disease-causing pathological changes are synaptic damage, and mitochondrial structural and functional changes, in addition to increased production and accumulation of phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid beta (A\u03b2) in the affected brain regions in AD patients. A\u03b2 is a peptide derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic cleavage of beta and gamma secretases. APP is a glycoprotein that plays a significant role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis like signaling, neuronal development, and intracellular transport. A\u03b2 is reported to have both protective and toxic effects in neurons. The purpose of our article is to summarize recent developments of A\u03b2 and its association with synapses, mitochondria, microglia, astrocytes, and its interaction with p-tau. Our article also covers the therapeutic strategies that reduce A\u03b2 toxicities in disease progression and discusses the reasons for the failures of A\u03b2 therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1666768668000},"page":"12924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":366,"title":["Amyloid Beta in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ujala","family":"Sehar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arubala P.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5934-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kopel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Hemachandra","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"},{"name":"Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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