{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:53:19Z","timestamp":1793083999134,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CD19\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD19\/00216"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI18\/00824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00824"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI22\/01207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01207"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III -Madrid (Spain)","award":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III -Madrid (Spain)","award":["CD19\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD19\/00216"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III -Madrid (Spain)","award":["PI18\/00824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00824"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III -Madrid (Spain)","award":["PI22\/01207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01207"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER","award":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER","award":["CD19\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD19\/00216"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER","award":["PI18\/00824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00824"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER","award":["PI22\/01207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01207"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RICORS (REI) RD21\/0002\/0037"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CD19\/00216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD19\/00216"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI18\/00824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00824"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI22\/01207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the role of microRNAs (miRNA) as biomarkers of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients through a systematic review of the literature. The MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched for studies including RA-diagnosed patients treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that identify miRNAs as response predictors. Review inclusion criteria were met by 10 studies. The main outcome of the study was the response to treatment, defined according to EULAR criteria. A total of 839 RA patients and 67 healthy donors were included in the selected studies. RA patients presented seropositivity for the rheumatoid factor of 74.7% and anti-citrullinated C-peptide antibodies of 63.6%. After revision, 15 miRNAs were described as treatment response biomarkers for methotrexate, anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and rituximab. Among treatments, methotrexate presented the highest number of predictor miRNAs: miR-16, miR-22, miR-132, miR-146a and miR-155. The most polyvalent miRNAs were miR-146a, predicting response to methotrexate and anti-TNF, and miR-125b, which predicts response to infliximab and rituximab. Our data support the role of miRNAs as biomarkers of treatment response in RA and point to DMARDs modifying the miRNAs expression. Nevertheless, further studies are needed since a meta-analysis that allows definitive conclusions is not possible due to the lack of studies in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T04:35:17Z","timestamp":1666845317000},"page":"12989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["miRNA-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation of Treatment Response in RA Patients\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7431-7225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkaitz","family":"Mucientes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9125-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Lisbona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6173-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Mena-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3820-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Ruiz-Lim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2284-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manrique-Arija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Nebro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22953","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22953","article-title":"Correlation of microRNA expression profile with clinical response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitor in treating rheumatoid arthritis patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838884","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.838884","article-title":"MicroRNA-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation of Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility and Pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1218595","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in CD4+ T cells from Chinese Han patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00811","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation Mediated by Methylation in the Pathogenesis and Precision Medicine of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-209064","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 3 regulates the inflammatory gene expression programme of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"76","author":"Angiolilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC1","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201901010","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"170","author":"Sparks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.002","article-title":"The management of first-line biologic therapy failures in rheumatoid arthritis: Current practice and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Favalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210713","article-title":"Efficacy of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: A systematic literature review informing the 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"76","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2020-0148","article-title":"miRNAs as potential biomarkers of treatment outcome in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"22","author":"Wielinska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kmio\u0142ek, T., and Paradowska-Gorycka, A. (2022). miRNAs as Biomarkers and Possible Therapeutic Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030452"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102438","article-title":"Clinical significance of miRNAs in autoimmunity","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1085-z","article-title":"Can baseline serum microRNAs predict response to TNF-alpha inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis?","volume":"18","author":"Cuppen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.5","article-title":"Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw174","article-title":"Identifying circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review","volume":"111","author":"Navickas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217589","article-title":"Circulating microbial small RNAs are altered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Ormseth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27584","article-title":"2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"62","author":"Aletaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23386","article-title":"Altered expression of MicroRNA in synovial fibroblasts and synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Stanczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2493","article-title":"Upregulated miR-146a expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"10","author":"Pauley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1405","article-title":"Protective Effect of let-7 miRNA Family in Regulating Inflammation in Diabetes-Associated Atherosclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Brennan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26181","article-title":"MiR-377 Regulates Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Rats After Cerebral Ischemic Injury","volume":"119","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.07.016","article-title":"Clinical and serological features of patients with autoantibodies to GW\/P bodies","volume":"125","author":"Bhanji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202815","article-title":"Association of circulating miR-223 and miR-16 with disease activity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"73","author":"Aradi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631662","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.631662","article-title":"Integrative Clinical, Molecular, and Computational Analysis Identify Novel Biomarkers and Differential Profiles of Anti-TNF Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Barbarroja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4380-z","article-title":"MicroRNA-132, miR-146a, and miR-155 as potential biomarkers of methotrexate response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"141","article-title":"Prediction of treatment response to adalimumab: A double-blind placebo-controlled study of circulating microRNA in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Krintel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170266","article-title":"Plasma MicroRNA Profiles in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Responding to Adalimumab plus Methotrexate vs Methotrexate Alone: A Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"45","author":"Sode","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0555-z","article-title":"Circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers of therapy effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti-TNF\u03b1","volume":"17","author":"Escudero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23329","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23329","article-title":"The potential of circulating microRNA-125a and microRNA-125b as markers for inflammation and clinical response to infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0513-y","article-title":"Changes in MiRNA-5196 Expression as a Potential Biomarker of Anti-TNF-\u03b1 Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients","volume":"66","author":"Ciechomska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"S14","article-title":"Measures of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity: Patient (PtGA) and Provider (PrGA) Global Assessment of Disease Activity, Disease Activity Score (DAS) and Disease Activity Score with 28-Joint Counts (DAS28), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), C","volume":"63","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.084459","article-title":"Validation of the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and European League Against Rheumatism response criteria based on C-reactive protein against disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and comparison with the DAS28 based on eryth","volume":"68","author":"Wells","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/14746514020020010401","article-title":"The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"342524","article-title":"Circulating miRNA-125b is a potential biomarker predicting response to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2014","author":"Pers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202735","article-title":"Adalimumab added to a treat-to-target strategy with methotrexate and intra-articular triamcinolone in early rheumatoid arthritis increased remission rates, function and quality of life. The OPERA Study: An investigator-initiated, randomised, double-blind","volume":"73","author":"Hetland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: An area of unmet clinical need","volume":"57","author":"Jacobs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena-V\u00e1zquez, N., Ruiz-Lim\u00f3n, P., Moreno-Indias, I., Manrique-Arija, S., Tinahones, F.J., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Nebro, A. (2020). Expansion of Rare and Harmful Lineages is Associated with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041044"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niimoto, T., Nakasa, T., Ishikawa, M., Okuhara, A., Izumi, B., Deie, M., Suzuki, O., Adachi, N., and Ochi, M. (2010). MicroRNA-146a expresses in interleukin-17 producing T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-209"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2064275","article-title":"Janus kinase versus TNF inhibitors: Where we stand today in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Venetsanopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2017120118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017120118","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induces miR-132 in Th17 cells that enhance osteoclastogenesis in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"118","author":"Donate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307323101","article-title":"Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers","volume":"101","author":"Calin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10661","article-title":"Upregulating miR-27a-3p inhibits cell proliferation and inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts through targeting toll-like receptor 5","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30824","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30824","article-title":"MicroRNA-16 is putatively involved in the NF-\u03baB pathway regulation in ulcerative colitis through adenosine A2a receptor (A2aAR) mRNA targeting","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-2898-x","article-title":"MicroRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"34","author":"Salehi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e363","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.108","article-title":"MicroRNA-143 and -145 modulate the phenotype of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.07.007","article-title":"Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies suppress let-7a expression in monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and facilitate the inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"220","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9910","article-title":"MicroRNA-23a-5p regulates cell proliferation, migration and inflammation of TNF-\u03b1-stimulated human fibroblast-like MH7A synoviocytes by targeting TLR4 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2474529","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis and miRNAs: A Critical Review through a Functional View","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204377","article-title":"Decreased expression of miR-146a and miR-155 contributes to an abnormal Treg phenotype in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"74","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15159","article-title":"Circulating microRNA146b-5p is superior to C-reactive protein as a novel biomarker for monitoring inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy046","article-title":"Circulating and Fecal microRNAs as Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1221","article-title":"Bioinformatic tools for microRNA dissection","volume":"44","author":"Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30651","article-title":"What do microRNAs mean for rheumatoid arthritis?","volume":"64","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, H.H., Yi, H.S., Kim, Y., Kroh, E.M., Chien, J.W., Eaton, K.D., Goodman, M.T., Tait, J.F., Tewari, M., and Pritchard, C.C. (2013). Plasma processing conditions substantially influence circulating microRNA biomarker levels. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064795"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2070","article-title":"Development and validation of a microrna panel to differentiate between patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and control subjects","volume":"70","author":"Ormseth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Evaluation of variants in miR-146a, miR-196a-2 and miR-499 and their association with susceptibility for rheumatoid arthritis and its extra-articular manifestations","volume":"76","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663736","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.663736","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression Differences in Blood-Derived CD19+ B Cells of Methotrexate Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"12","author":"Heinicke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallio, G., Mannino, F., Irrera, N., Eid, A.H., Squadrito, F., and Bitto, A. (2020). Polymorphisms involved in response to biological agents used in rheumatoid arthritis. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091203"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejr.2021.10.005","article-title":"MicroRNA146a gene polymorphism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the relevant value with disease activity and extra-articular manifestations","volume":"44","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Predictors of disease course after the discontinuation of biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients with long-term remission","volume":"75","author":"Czibula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"266","article-title":"MicroRNA-1915-3p in serum exosome is associated with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis in Korea","volume":"77","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-eular.3121","article-title":"MiRNA profiling using HTG-EDGESEQ platform predicts response to anti-TNF alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"75","author":"Schordan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0090","article-title":"Association of 63\/91 length polymorphism in the DHFR gene major promoter with toxicity of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Jekic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6775","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006775","article-title":"The role of circulating miR-146a in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated by Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002531","article-title":"miR-544-3p mediates arthritis pain through regulation of Fc\u03b3RI","volume":"163","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4015","article-title":"Circulating Biomolecules as Potential Biomarkers of Early and Establishedresponse to TNFi Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"72","author":"Font","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3368","article-title":"FCER1G gene methylation and mir-106\/miR-17 as a new potential epigenetic markers in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Ciesla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/12989\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:41Z","timestamp":1760144621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/12989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232112989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232112989","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}