{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:17:52Z","timestamp":1787753872675,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Fund for Regenerative Medicine (KFRM)","award":["22C0603L1-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22C0603L1-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a low-grade inflammatory disorder of the joints that causes deterioration of the cartilage, bone remodeling, formation of osteophytes, meniscal damage, and synovial inflammation (synovitis). The synovium is the primary site of inflammation in OA and is frequently characterized by hyperplasia of the synovial lining and infiltration of inflammatory cells, primarily macrophages. Macrophages play a crucial role in the early inflammatory response through the production of several inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteinases. These pro-inflammatory mediators are activators of numerous signaling pathways that trigger other cytokines to further recruit more macrophages to the joint, ultimately leading to pain and disease progression. Very few therapeutic alternatives are available for treating inflammation in OA due to the condition\u2019s low self-healing capacity and the lack of clear diagnostic biomarkers. In this review, we opted to explore the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their paracrine mediators-dependent as a therapeutic intervention for OA, with a primary focus on the practicality of polarizing macrophages as suppression of M1 macrophages and enhancement of M2 macrophages can significantly reduce OA symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T20:37:58Z","timestamp":1666903078000},"page":"13016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Paracrine Mediators in Macrophage Polarization: An Approach to Reduce Inflammation in Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sree Samanvitha","family":"Kuppa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Keun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Yeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Cheol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Keun","family":"Seon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.01.002","article-title":"Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: Epidemiology and therapy","volume":"28","author":"Kloppenburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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