{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T14:55:14Z","timestamp":1791644114099,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality. Over the past two decades, researchers have tried to provide novel solutions for end-stage heart failure to address cardiac transplantation hurdles such as donor organ shortage, chronic rejection, and life-long immunosuppression. Cardiac decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been widely explored as a promising approach in tissue-regenerative medicine because of its remarkable similarity to the original tissue. Optimized decellularization protocols combining physical, chemical, and enzymatic agents have been developed to obtain the perfect balance between cell removal, ECM composition, and function maintenance. However, proper assessment of decellularized tissue composition is still needed before clinical translation. Recellularizing the acellular scaffold with organ-specific cells and evaluating the extent of cardiomyocyte repopulation is also challenging. This review aims to discuss the existing literature on decellularized cardiac scaffolds, especially on the advantages and methods of preparation, pointing out areas for improvement. Finally, an overview of the state of research regarding the application of cardiac dECM and future challenges in bioengineering a human heart suitable for transplantation is provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T20:37:58Z","timestamp":1666903078000},"page":"13040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Techniques and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2734-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta Ionela","family":"Barbulescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Practical Skills, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4737-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florina Maria","family":"Bojin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin Laurentiu","family":"Ordodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, \u201cPolitehnica\u201d University Timisoara, No 2 Victoriei Square, 300006 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6458-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iacob Daniel","family":"Goje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Semiology I, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Severina","family":"Barbulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Research in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgil","family":"Paunescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Emergency County Hospital \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Timisoara, Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, No 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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