{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:13:12Z","timestamp":1776273192674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M671386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20181071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20181071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20201465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020Z157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SJCX22_1662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX22_1662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX2021-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SY202211641631002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY202211641631002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2020M671386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671386"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BK20181071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20181071"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BK20201465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201465"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2020Z157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z157"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["SJCX22_1662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX22_1662"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["KYCX2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX2021-019"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["SY202211641631002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY202211641631002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M671386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20181071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20181071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20201465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020Z157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SJCX22_1662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX22_1662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX2021-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SY202211641631002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY202211641631002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lianyungang City (China), Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2020M671386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671386"]}]},{"name":"Lianyungang City (China), Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20181071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20181071"]}]},{"name":"Lianyungang City (China), Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20201465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201465"]}]},{"name":"Lianyungang City (China), Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2020Z157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z157"]}]},{"name":"Lianyungang City (China), Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX22_1662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX22_1662"]}]},{"name":"Lianyungang City (China), Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX2021-019"]}]},{"name":"Lianyungang City (China), Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["SY202211641631002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY202211641631002"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2020M671386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671386"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BK20181071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20181071"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BK20201465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201465"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2020Z157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z157"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["SJCX22_1662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX22_1662"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["KYCX2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX2021-019"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["SY202211641631002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY202211641631002"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["2020M671386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M671386"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["BK20181071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20181071"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["BK20201465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20201465"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["2020Z157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z157"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["SJCX22_1662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX22_1662"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["KYCX2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX2021-019"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["SY202211641631002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY202211641631002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CD68 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein family and is involved in various immune processes. In this study, Megalobrama amblycephala\u00a0CD68 (MaCD68) was cloned and characterized, and its expression patterns and evolutionary characteristics were analyzed. The coding region of MaCD68 was 987 bp, encoding 328 amino acids, and the predicted protein molecular weight was 34.9 kDa. MaCD68 contained two transmembrane helical structures and 18 predicted N-glycosylation sites. Multiple sequence alignments showed that the MaCD68 protein had high homology with other fish, and their functional sites were also highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MaCD68 and other cypriniformes fish clustered into one branch. Adaptive evolution analysis identified several positively selected sites of teleost CD68 using site and branch-site models, indicating that it was under positive selection pressure during evolution. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that MaCD68 was highly expressed in the head kidney, spleen, and heart. After Aeromonas hydrophila infection, MaCD68 was significantly upregulated in all tested tissues, peaking at 12 h post-infection (hpi) in the kidney and head kidney and at 120 hpi in the liver and spleen, suggesting that MaCD68 participated in the innate immune response of the host against bacterial infection. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses also showed that positive signals derived from the MaCD68 protein were further enhanced after bacterial and lipopolysaccharide treatment, which suggested that MaCD68 is involved in the immune response and could be used as a macrophage marker. Biological activity analysis indicated that recombinant MaCD68 (rMaCD68) protein had no agglutination or bactericidal effects on A. hydrophila but did have these effects on Escherichia coli. In conclusion, these results suggest that MaCD68 plays a vital role in the immune response against pathogens, which is helpful in understanding the immune responses and mechanisms of M. amblycephala.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"13133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular Characterization, Expression, Evolutionary Selection, and Biological Activity Analysis of CD68 Gene from Megalobrama amblycephala"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hujun","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zirui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9011-4946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanliang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhe","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9265-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhujin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.6.1607.1607","article-title":"Molecular cloning of CD68, a human macrophage marker related to lysosomal glycoproteins","volume":"81","author":"Holness","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98400-0","article-title":"Macrosialin, a mouse macrophage-restricted glycoprotein, is a member of the lamp\/lgp family","volume":"268","author":"Holness","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54636-6","article-title":"Lysosomal membrane glycoproteins. Structure, biosynthesis, and intracellular trafficking","volume":"266","author":"Fukuda","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Recruited CD68+CD206+ macrophages orchestrate graft immune tolerance to prompt xenogeneic-dentin matrix-based tooth root regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513853113","article-title":"TLR4-activated microglia require IFN-\u03b3 to induce severe neuronal dysfunction and death in situ","volume":"113","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.895386","article-title":"Expression of Tumor-Related Macrophages and Cytokines After Surgery of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients and its Implications","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashley, J.W., Shi, Z., Zhao, H., Li, X., Kesterson, R.A., and Feng, X. (2011). Genetic ablation of CD68 results in mice with increased bone and dysfunctional osteoclasts. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025838"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, M.H., Hauck, F., Dreyer, J.H., Kempkes, B., and Niedobitek, G. (2013). Macrophage polarisation: An immunohistochemical approach for identifying M1 and M2 macrophages. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080908"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982713","article-title":"Macrophage-specific gene expression: Current paradigms and future challenges","volume":"76","author":"Greaves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(97)00136-6","article-title":"Subendothelial smooth muscle cells of human aorta express macrophage antigen in situ and in vitro","volume":"135","author":"Andreeva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2008.02091.x","article-title":"Expression of CD68 in non-myeloid cell types","volume":"67","author":"Gottfried","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02283.x","article-title":"The expression of CD68 in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: New evidences of presence in non-myeloid cell types","volume":"70","author":"Anzalone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/2.10.973","article-title":"Distribution of the CD68 macrophage\/myeloid associated antigen","volume":"2","author":"Pulford","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05195.x","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular CD68 molecule expression in normal and malignant haemopoiesis","volume":"90","author":"Strobl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2003.11.005","article-title":"Differentially expressed genes that encode potential markers of goldfish macrophage development in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Barreda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2011.02718.x","article-title":"Morphocytochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the head kidney of fat snook Centropomus parallelus","volume":"79","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-120018286","article-title":"A phylogenetic comparison between acute monocytic leukemia cells and monocytes-macrophages in lower vertebrates","volume":"25","author":"Passantino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.103477","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of two head kidney macrophage cell lines from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"102","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1021\/bi972217k","article-title":"The amino acid following an asn-X-Ser\/Thr sequon is an important determinant of N-linked core glycosylation efficiency","volume":"37","author":"Mellquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.116","article-title":"CD68\/macrosialin: Not just a histochemical marker","volume":"97","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)47094-4","article-title":"Structure of Human Lysosomal Membrane Glycoprotein 1","volume":"264","author":"Carlsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39130-6","article-title":"The disulfide structure of mouse lysosome-associated membrane protein 1","volume":"265","author":"Arterburn","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.189","article-title":"Macrophages and dendritic cells: What is the difference?","volume":"74","author":"Ferenbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-016-0218-2","article-title":"Morpho-histology of head kidney of female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: Seasonal variations in melano-macrophage centers, melanin contents and effects of lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone on melanins","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1994.1007","article-title":"Immune and enzyme histochemical phenotypes of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells within the spleen and head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"4","author":"Press","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sahoo, P. (2006). Immunocompetent Organs in Teleosts, Narendra Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2022.104397","article-title":"Genome-wide identification and analysis of scavenger receptors and their expression profiling in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.02.009","article-title":"Abundant members of Scavenger receptors family and their identification, characterization and expression against Vibrio alginolyticus infection in juvenile Larimichthys crocea","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.06.025","article-title":"The teleost head kidney: Integrating thyroid and immune signalling","volume":"66","author":"Geven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146932","article-title":"Identification and characterization of high mobility group box 1 and high mobility group box 2 in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)","volume":"850","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737258","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling and differential expression analysis of the immune-related genes during the early phase of acute infection with Aeromonas hydrophila in the Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus)","volume":"545","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.11.009","article-title":"Vegetable oil induced inflammatory response by altering TLR-NF-\u03baB signalling, macrophages infiltration and polarization in adipose tissue of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"59","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.03.009","article-title":"Chronic inflammation is a key to inducing liver injury in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed with high-fat diet","volume":"97","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M015412","article-title":"Deletion of the murine scavenger receptor CD68","volume":"52","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.04.007","article-title":"Staining of HLA-DR, Iba1 and CD68 in human microglia reveals partially overlapping expression depending on cellular morphology and pathology","volume":"309","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02108","article-title":"Human Liver Macrophage Subsets Defined by CD32","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.8.664","article-title":"Use of monoclonal antibodies to recognise osteoclasts in routinely processed bone biopsy specimens","volume":"44","author":"Athanasou","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090908","article-title":"Expression of vascular notch ligand delta-like 4 and inflammatory markers in breast cancer","volume":"176","author":"Jubb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsirep.2021.100036","article-title":"Characterization of a macrophagic-like cell line derived from rabbit fish (Siganus fuscescens): An illustration of anti-inflammatory responses of the herbal extract of Scutellaria baicalensis","volume":"2","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.03.020","article-title":"Microglia extracellular traps in Oreochromis niloticus infected with Weissella cibaria","volume":"113","author":"Eto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.08.019","article-title":"Proteomic analysis capsule synthesis and redox mechanisms in the intracellular survival of group B Streptococcus in fish microglia","volume":"118","author":"Eto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.183","article-title":"Functional analysis and regulation mechanism of interferon gamma in macrophages of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"194","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murdaca, G., Greco, M., Tonacci, A., Negrini, S., Borro, M., Puppo, F., and Gangemi, S. (2019). IL-33\/IL-31 Axis in Immune-Mediated and Allergic Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235856"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42413","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42413","article-title":"Interleukin-33 produced by M2 macrophages and other immune cells contributes to Th2 immune reaction of IgG4-related disease","volume":"7","author":"Furukawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.12.023","article-title":"Characterization and expression analysis of an intelectin gene from Megalobrama amblycephala with excellent bacterial binding and agglutination activity","volume":"61","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.01.001","article-title":"Intelectin mediated phagocytosis and killing activity of macrophages in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)","volume":"87","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.04.043","article-title":"Identification, expression patterns, evolutionary characteristics and recombinant protein activities analysis of CD209 gene from Megalobrama amblycephala","volume":"126","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.05.022","article-title":"Molecular and functional characterization of a novel CD302 gene from ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.11.025","article-title":"Characterization of a common carp intelectin gene with bacterial binding and agglutination activity","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/gix039","article-title":"The draft genome of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) reveals the development of intermuscular bone and adaptation to herbivorous diet","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn083","article-title":"jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging","volume":"25","author":"Posada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-251-9_6","article-title":"Estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies with PhyML","volume":"537","author":"Guindon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.8.754","article-title":"MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees","volume":"17","author":"Huelsenbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/267275a0","article-title":"Preponderance of synonymous changes as evidence for the neutral theory of molecular evolution","volume":"267","author":"Kimura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm088","article-title":"PAML 4: Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.1811","article-title":"Likelihood and Bayes estimation of ancestral population sizes in hominoids using data from multiple loci","volume":"162","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi097","article-title":"Bayes empirical bayes inference of amino acid sites under positive selection","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:17Z","timestamp":1760144717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232113133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}