{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:44:34Z","timestamp":1787114674683,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81900998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81900993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RCDWJS2021-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCDWJS2021-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLOD202113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLOD202113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the West China School\/Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University","award":["82071106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071106"]}]},{"name":"the West China School\/Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University","award":["81900998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900998"]}]},{"name":"the West China School\/Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University","award":["81900993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900993"]}]},{"name":"the West China School\/Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University","award":["RCDWJS2021-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCDWJS2021-19"]}]},{"name":"the West China School\/Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University","award":["SKLOD202113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLOD202113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent apical periodontitis is a critical challenge for endodontists. Developing root canal filling materials with continuous antibacterial effects and tightly sealed root canals are essential strategies to avoid the failure of root canal therapy and prevent persistent apical periodontitis. We modified the EndoREZ root canal sealer with the antibacterial material dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The mechanical properties of the modified root canal sealer were tested. The biocompatibility of this sealer was verified in vitro and in vivo. Multispecies biofilms were constructed to assess the antibacterial effects of the modified root canal sealer. We applied magnetic fields and examined the extent of root canal sealer penetration in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that EndoREZ sealer containing 2.5% DMADDM and 1% MNP had biological safety and apical sealing ability. In addition, the modified sealer could increase the sealer penetration range and exert significant antibacterial effects on multispecies biofilms under an external magnetic field. According to the in vivo study, the apices of the root canals with the sealer containing 2.5% DMADDM and 1% MNP showed no significant resorption and exhibited only a slight increase in the periodontal ligament space, with a good inhibitory effect on persistent apical periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"13137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Preventive Effect of A Magnetic Nanoparticle-Modified Root Canal Sealer on Persistent Apical Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-2873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hockin H. K.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7725-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2762-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02832-0","article-title":"Impact of type of tooth on outcome of non-surgical root canal treatment","volume":"23","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2006.01099.x","article-title":"On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: A review","volume":"39","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01445.x","article-title":"Dentinal tubule invasion and adherence by Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"41","author":"Chivatxaranukul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.03.008","article-title":"Total and Specific Bacterial Levels in the Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with Post-treatment Apical Periodontitis","volume":"41","author":"Antunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12867","article-title":"A new system for classifying tooth, root and canal anomalies","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.04.001","article-title":"Micro\u2013computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Prevalence, Distribution, and Morphologic Features of Accessory Canals in Chinese Permanent Teeth","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.10.042","article-title":"Dentin Extends the Antibacterial Effect of Endodontic Sealers against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01928.x","article-title":"Bacterial killing by several root filling materials and methods in an ex vivo infected root canal model","volume":"44","author":"Ozcan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, S., and Dong, Y. (2018). In vitro study of dentinal tubule penetration and filling quality of bioceramic sealer. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192248"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01307.x","article-title":"Penetration of dentinal tubules by endodontic sealer cements in extracted teeth and in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Mamootil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01385.x","article-title":"Evaluation of apical sealing ability and adaptation to dentine of two resin-based sealers","volume":"32","author":"Sevimay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/01.don.0000171942.69081.53","article-title":"Effectiveness of Resin-Coated Gutta-Percha Cones and a Dual-Cured, Hydrophilic Methacrylate Resin-Based Sealer in Obturating Root Canals","volume":"31","author":"Tay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/01.don.0000164134.79052.b3","article-title":"Apical Leakage of Resin Based Root Canal Sealers with a New Computerized Fluid Filtration Meter","volume":"31","author":"Sengun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515571416","article-title":"Effect of Antibacterial Dental Adhesive on Multispecies Biofilms Formation","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.10.023","article-title":"Two-staged time-dependent materials for the prevention of implant-related infections","volume":"101","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.01.004","article-title":"Dental primer and adhesive containing a new antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47032-8","article-title":"A novel antibacterial resin-based root canal sealer modified by Dimethylaminododecyl Methacrylate","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44279","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b17427","article-title":"Magnetic Cell\u2013Scaffold Interface Constructed by Superparamagnetic IONP Enhanced Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.035","article-title":"Magnetic nanocomposite scaffolds combined with static magnetic field in the stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation","volume":"85","author":"Yun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1554647","article-title":"Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery: Applications and characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Vangijzegem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2018.1455764","article-title":"Magnetically assisted intraperitoneal drug delivery for cancer chemotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Shamsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yang, G., Ren, B., Gao, Y., Peng, X., Li, M., H.K.Xu, H., Han, Q., Li, J., and Zhou, X. (2021). Effect of Antibacterial Root Canal Sealer on Persistent Apical Periodontitis. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060741"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01815.x","article-title":"Evaluation of physicochemical properties of four root canal sealers","volume":"44","author":"Flores","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"61","article-title":"Selected physicochemical properties of AH Plus, EndoREZ and RealSeal SE root canal sealers","volume":"103","author":"Bering","year":"2013","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2002). International Organization for Standardization Dentistry (ISO). Root Canal Sealing Materials (Standard No. ISO 6876)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.02.024","article-title":"Assessment of a new root canal sealer\u2019s apical sealing ability","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.09.038","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Evaluation of a New Resin-based Hybrid Root Canal Sealer: An In Vitro Study","volume":"40","author":"Cotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, D.A., Paula, A.B., Marto, C.M., Coelho, A., Paulo, S., Martinho, J.P., Carrilho, E., and Ferreira, M.M. (2019). Biocompatibility of Root Canal Sealers: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244113"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.11.023","article-title":"Dentinal Tubule Penetration of a Calcium Silicate\u2013based Root Canal Sealer with Different Obturation Methods","volume":"43","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.04.010","article-title":"Dentinal Tubule Penetration and Retreatability of a Calcium Silicate\u2013based Sealer Tested in Bulk or with Different Main Core Material","volume":"45","author":"Eymirli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2733","article-title":"A Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis of Sealing Potential and Marginal Adaptation of Different Root Canal Sealers to Dentin: An In Vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Patri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.11.008","article-title":"Development of a Multispecies Biofilm Community by Four Root Canal Bacteria","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2014.200","article-title":"Causes and management of post-treatment apical periodontitis","volume":"216","author":"Siqueira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.190019","article-title":"Vitality of Enterococcus faecalis inside dentinal tubules after five root canal disinfection methods","volume":"19","author":"Vatkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"199","article-title":"Comparison of the penetration depth of five root canal sealers: A confocal laser scanning microscopic study","volume":"24","author":"Mokashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00021","article-title":"Genetic and Epigenetic Characterization of Pulpal and Periapical Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Fouad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.11.033","article-title":"Role of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in the Clearance of Enterococcus faecalis Derived from Saliva and Infected Root Canals","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e00871-1","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis Demonstrates Pathogenicity through Increased Attachment in an Ex Vivo Polymicrobial Pulpal Infection","volume":"86","author":"Ayre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2004.01038.x","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in oral diseases","volume":"10","author":"Sorsa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.04.005","article-title":"Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases during Apical Periodontitis Development","volume":"47","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.11.011","article-title":"Evaluation of Gelatinases, Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, and Myeloperoxidase Protein in Healthy and Inflamed Human Dental Pulp Tissue","volume":"39","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.12.002","article-title":"Gelatinolytic activity in gingival crevicular fluid from teeth with periapical lesions","volume":"105","author":"Belmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, M.F., Pires, F.R., Armada, L., Ferreira, D.D.C., Carrouel, F., Bourgeois, D., and Gon\u00e7alves, L.S. (2020). Expression of Inflammatory Markers RANK, MMP-9 and PTHrP in Chronic Apical Periodontitis from People Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113611"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.07.028","article-title":"Clinical Implications and Microbiology of Bacterial Persistence after Treatment Procedures","volume":"34","author":"Siqueira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1960-7","article-title":"Bacterial invasion into radicular dentine\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Stauffacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.04.010","article-title":"Molecular Analysis of Persistent Periradicular Lesions and Root Ends Reveals a Diverse Microbial Profile","volume":"35","author":"Subramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.04.008","article-title":"Correlation between Enterococcus faecalis and Persistent Intraradicular Infection Compared with Primary Intraradicular Infection: A Systematic Review","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.10.004","article-title":"The Effect of Age on Bacterial Penetration of Radicular Dentin","volume":"35","author":"Kakoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.07.017","article-title":"Bacterial leakage in root canals obturated by different techniques. Part 1: Microbiologic evaluation","volume":"105","author":"Brosco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.02.006","article-title":"Relationship of Biofilm Formation and gelE Gene Expression in Enterococcus faecalis Recovered from Root Canals in Patients Requiring Endodontic Retreatment","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-0125-2","article-title":"The biofilm-associated surface protein Esp of Enterococcus faecalis forms amyloid-like fibers","volume":"6","author":"Taglialegna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045014","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/11\/4\/045014","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of submicron glass fibres incorporated as a filler to a dental sealer","volume":"11","author":"Cabal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2018.2878085","article-title":"Magnetotactic Bacteria: Magnetism beyond Magnetosomes","volume":"17","author":"Marcuello","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.11.089","article-title":"Fenton-like oxidation of Rhodamine B in the presence of two types of iron (II, III) oxide","volume":"166","author":"Xue","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015104","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/1\/015104","article-title":"A conceptually new type of bio-hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration","volume":"22","author":"Tampieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:19Z","timestamp":1760144719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232113137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}