{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:21:28Z","timestamp":1790302888721,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0207\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0207\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most frequent cancer in the world. The initial diagnosis and surveillance of BC require a combination of invasive and non-invasive methods, which are costly and suffer from several limitations. Cystoscopy with urine cytology and histological examination presents the standard diagnostic approach. Various biomarkers (e.g., proteins, genes, and RNAs) have been extensively studied in relation to BC. However, the new trend of liquid biopsy slowly proves to be almost equally effective. Cell-free DNA, non-coding RNA, and other subcellular structures are now being tested for the best predictive and diagnostic value. In this review, we focused on published gene mutations, especially in DNA fragments, but also epigenetic modifications, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules acquired by liquid biopsy. We performed an online search in PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the terms \u201cbladder cancer\u201d, in combination with \u201cmarkers\u201d or \u201cbiomarkers\u201d published until August 2022. If applicable, we set the sensitivity and specificity threshold to 80%. In the era of precision medicine, the development of complex laboratory techniques fuels the search and development of more sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnosis, follow-up, and screening of BC. Future efforts will be focused on the validation of their sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and their utility in everyday clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"13206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Biomarkers of Bladder Cancer: Cell-Free DNA, Epigenetic Modifications and Non-Coding RNAs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Harsanyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana Varchulova","family":"Novakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Bevizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubos","family":"Danisovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5487-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Ziaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Limbova 5, 833 05 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kaseb, H., and Aeddula, N.R. (2022). Bladder Cancer. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.10.006","article-title":"Prognosis of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Difference between Primary and Progressive Tumours and Implications for Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Schrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.083","article-title":"Lymphovascular Invasion in Transurethral Resection Specimens as Predictor of Progression and Metastasis in Patients with Newly Diagnosed T1 Bladder Urothelial Cancer","volume":"182","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukumoto, K., Kikuchi, E., Mikami, S., Miyajima, A., and Oya, M. (2016). Lymphovascular Invasion Status at Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors May Predict Subsequent Poor Response of T1 Tumors to Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. BMC Urol, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-016-0122-1"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chair, R., Bartoletti, R., Johansen, T., Bonkat, G., Bruy\u00e8re, F., Cek, M., Grabe, M., Tenke, P., Wagenlehner, F., and Associates, B. (2016). European Association of Urology Guidelines\u2014Urological Infections, EAU."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ljungberg, B., Albiges, L., Bedke, J., Bex, A., Capitanio, U., Giles, R., Hora, M., Klatte, T., Lam, T., and Marconi, L. (2021). European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma 2021, EAU."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.07.005","article-title":"Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 Countries and 25 Major Cancers in 2018","volume":"103","author":"Ferlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, September 12). American Cancer Society | Cancer Facts & Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/cancerstatisticscenter.cancer.org\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.07.033","article-title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Urothelial Bladder Cancer","volume":"63","author":"Burger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.03.047","article-title":"Trends in Mortality From Urologic Cancers in Europe, 1970\u20132008","volume":"60","author":"Bosetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.10.001","article-title":"International Variations in Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality","volume":"66","author":"Chavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.06.045","article-title":"EORTC Nomograms and Risk Groups for Predicting Recurrence, Progression, and Disease-Specific and Overall Survival in Non-Muscle-Invasive Stage Ta-T1 Urothelial Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with 1-3 Years of Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"69","author":"Cambier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.016","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (TaT1 and Carcinoma In Situ)\u20142019 Update","volume":"76","author":"Babjuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.03.055","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer: Summary of the 2020 Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Witjes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.09.026","article-title":"The 2021 Updated European Association of Urology Guidelines on Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"81","author":"Cathomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1739-2","article-title":"Clinicopathological Characteristics of Urothelial Bladder Cancer in Patients Less than 40 Years Old","volume":"466","author":"Roupret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.06.049","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA\/SUO Guideline","volume":"196","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.12.031","article-title":"Predicting Recurrence and Progression in Individual Patients with Stage Ta T1 Bladder Cancer Using EORTC Risk Tables: A Combined Analysis of 2596 Patients from Seven EORTC Trials","volume":"49","author":"Sylvester","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.3.666","article-title":"Radical Cystectomy in the Treatment of Invasive Bladder Cancer: Long-Term Results in 1054 Patients","volume":"19","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e598","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp12X654560","article-title":"Clinical Features of Bladder Cancer in Primary Care","volume":"62","author":"Shephard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.09.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Contemporary Update of Risk Factors in 2018","volume":"74","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPR.0000512251.61454.5c","article-title":"Bladder Cancer: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"42","author":"Farling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.08.034","article-title":"Incidence of Secondary Cancer Development after High-Dose Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and Image-Guided Brachytherapy for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer","volume":"83","author":"Zelefsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20412","article-title":"Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Bladder Cancer","volume":"95","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202000080","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Hunting: A Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"651","article-title":"The Role of Urine Markers, White Light Cystoscopy and Fluorescence Cystoscopy in Recurrence, Progression and Follow-up of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"32","author":"Karaoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2014.06.001","article-title":"Recent Advances in Imaging Cancer of the Kidney and Urinary Tract","volume":"23","author":"Hilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1249-6","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Diagnosis with CT Urography: Test Characteristics and Reasons for False-Positive and False-Negative Results","volume":"43","author":"Trinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.09.019","article-title":"Potential and Limitations of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Kidney, Prostate, and Bladder Cancer Including Pelvic Lymph Node Staging: A Critical Analysis of the Literature","volume":"61","author":"Giannarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.04.029","article-title":"Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Bladder Cancer: Development of VI-RADS (Vesical Imaging-Reporting And Data System)","volume":"74","author":"Panebianco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.22763","article-title":"Overview of VI-RADS in Bladder Cancer","volume":"214","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60491-8","article-title":"Bladder Cancer","volume":"374","author":"Kaufman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.05.053","article-title":"Urine Markers for Detection and Surveillance of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"60","author":"Tilki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.05.040","article-title":"Prognostic Impact of a 12-Gene Progression Score in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Multicentre Validation Study","volume":"72","author":"Reinert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgantzoglou, N., Pergaris, A., Masaoutis, C., and Theocharis, S. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers Carriers in Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052744"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00258-9","article-title":"Application of Exosomes as Liquid Biopsy in Clinical Diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01509-9","article-title":"Exosomes as a New Frontier of Cancer Liquid Biopsy","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"151","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Cell-secreted Exosomal MiR-21 Activates the PI3K\/AKT Pathway in Macrophages to Promote Cancer Progression","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17152","article-title":"The Emerging Roles of Exosomal Long Non-Coding RNAs in Bladder Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Biology and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Breakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2000711","article-title":"Exosomes in Bladder Cancer: Novel Biomarkers and Targets","volume":"22","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieverink, C.A., Batista, R.P.M., Prazeres, H.J.M., Vinagre, J., Sampaio, C., Le\u00e3o, R.R., M\u00e1ximo, V., Witjes, J.A., and Soares, P. (2020). Clinical Validation of a Urine Test (Uromonitor-V2\u00ae) for the Surveillance of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10100745"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, R., Vinagre, N., Meireles, S., Vinagre, J., Prazeres, H., Le\u00e3o, R., M\u00e1ximo, V., and Soares, P. (2020). Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Surveillance: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10010039"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2021.10.003","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Novel Urinary Biomarker Tests in Non\u2013Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Laukhtina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735868","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.735868","article-title":"Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer Surveillance","volume":"8","author":"Sugeeta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Surg"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.03.014","article-title":"Urine Markers for Bladder Cancer Surveillance: A Systematic Review","volume":"47","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100648","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22065","article-title":"Evaluation of the NMP22 BladderChek Test for Detecting Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59527","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18521","article-title":"The Prognostic and Diagnostic Value of Circulating Tumor Cells in Bladder Cancer and Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis of 30 Published Studies","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2007.06.002","article-title":"UroVysion FISH Test for Detecting Urothelial Cancers: Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy and Comparison with Urinary Cytology Testing","volume":"26","author":"Hajdinjak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4556","article-title":"ImmunoCyt Test Compared to Cytology in the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01237","article-title":"Validation of a Novel, Sensitive, and Specific Urine-Based Test for Recurrence Surveillance of Patients With Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in a Comprehensive Multicenter Study","volume":"10","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2018-0093","article-title":"Potential of Circulating Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy Diagnostics","volume":"65","author":"Yeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000438828","article-title":"Urinary Cell-Free DNA Quantification as Non-Invasive Biomarker in Patients with Bladder Cancer","volume":"96","author":"Brisuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2318","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Urinary Cell-Free DNA in Cancer: Current Insights and Promising Future","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangster, A.G., Gooding, R.J., Garven, A., Ghaedi, H., Berman, D.M., and Davey, S.K. (2022). Mutually Exclusive Mutation Profiles Define Functionally Related Genes in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259992"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.09.118","article-title":"Validation of a DNA Methylation-Mutation Urine Assay to Select Patients with Hematuria for Cystoscopy","volume":"197","author":"Beukers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5123","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4175","article-title":"Heterogeneity in NECTIN4 Expression Across Molecular Subtypes of Urothelial Cancer Mediates Sensitivity to Enfortumab Vedotin","volume":"27","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-0977","article-title":"Genomic Predictors of Good Outcome, Recurrence, or Progression in High-Grade T1 Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"80","author":"Bellmunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, S., Shankar, E., Lin, S., Singh, V., Chan, E.R., Cao, S., Fu, P., MacLennan, G.T., Ponsky, L.E., and Gupta, S. (2021). Identification of Key Genes Associated with Progression and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13235931"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.210","article-title":"Non-Invasive Prediction of Recurrence in Bladder Cancer by Detecting Somatic TERT Promoter Mutations in Urine","volume":"117","author":"Descotes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0825","article-title":"Detection and Surveillance of Bladder Cancer Using Urine Tumor DNA","volume":"9","author":"Dudley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.4.1095","article-title":"Isolation of an Additional Member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family, FGFR-3","volume":"88","author":"Keegan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02957.x","article-title":"Analysis of FGFR3 Gene Mutations in Multiple Myeloma Patients with t(4;14)","volume":"114","author":"Intini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203934","article-title":"Somatic Mutations of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) Are Uncommon in Carcinomas of the Uterine Cervix","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3233\/BLC-200373","article-title":"FGFR3\u2014A Central Player in Bladder Cancer Pathogenesis?","volume":"6","author":"Knowles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bladder Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.1771","article-title":"Prospective Study of FGFR3 Mutations as a Prognostic Factor in Nonmuscle Invasive Urothelial Bladder Carcinomas","volume":"24","author":"Lloreta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.February.20.12","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-3 Mutations in Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182062","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix and Integrin Composition of the Normal Bladder Wall","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds486","article-title":"Oncogenic FGFR3 Gene Fusions in Bladder Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.459.11.2","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Is Overexpressed in Urinary Tract Carcinomas and Modulates the Neoplastic Cell Growth","volume":"11","author":"Saenz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2010.51.2.94","article-title":"Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 in the Recurrence of Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder","volume":"51","author":"Maeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3691","article-title":"Positive Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Immunoreactivity Is Associated with Low-Grade Non-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Poyet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73642-8","article-title":"Assessment of Prognostic Implication of a Panel of Oncogenes in Bladder Cancer and Identification of a 3-Gene Signature Associated with Recurrence and Progression Risk in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Vacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2022, September 12). Nectin4\/PRR4, a New Afadin-Associated Member of the Nectin Family That Trans-Interacts with Nectin1\/PRR1 through V Domain Interaction\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11544254\/."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02044","article-title":"EV-101: A Phase I Study of Single-Agent Enfortumab Vedotin in Patients With Nectin-4-Positive Solid Tumors, Including Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"38","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1313","article-title":"Enfortumab Vedotin Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting Nectin-4 Is a Highly Potent Therapeutic Agent in Multiple Preclinical Cancer Models","volume":"76","author":"Satpayev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.11.2098","article-title":"Cyclin ET, a New Splice Variant of Human Cyclin E with a Unique Expression Pattern during Cell Cycle Progression and Differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Mumberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"380","article-title":"Cyclin E, a Potential Prognostic Marker for Breast Cancer","volume":"54","author":"Keyomarsi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12669-5","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Phase I Cancer Patients with CCNE1 Amplification: MD Anderson Experiences","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202737","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Alternative Splicing in the Human INK4a\/ARF Cell Cycle Regulatory Locus","volume":"18","author":"Robertson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5414\/NP301022","article-title":"Familial Melanoma-Astrocytoma Syndrome: Synchronous Diffuse Astrocytoma and Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma in a Patient with Germline CDKN2A\/B Deletion and a Significant Family History","volume":"36","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103446","article-title":"An Interstitial Deletion within 9p21.3 and Extending beyond CDKN2A Predisposes to Melanoma, Neural System Tumours and Possible Haematological Malignancies","volume":"53","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0003-x","article-title":"Ewing Sarcoma","volume":"4","author":"Surdez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65318-7","article-title":"Frequent Genetic Alterations in Simple Urothelial Hyperplasias of the Bladder in Patients with Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"154","author":"Hartmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.01.012","article-title":"Loss of P16 Expression and Chromosome 9p21 LOH in Predicting Outcome of Patients Affected by Superficial Bladder Cancer","volume":"143","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4017","article-title":"CDKN2A Homozygous Deletion Is Associated with Muscle Invasion in FGFR3-Mutated Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma: CDKN2A Homozygous Deletion in FGFR3-Mutated Bladder Carcinoma","volume":"227","author":"Rebouissou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.11659","article-title":"Telomeres and Telomerase in Oncogenesis (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Trybek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao0535","article-title":"Mutations in the Promoter of the Telomerase Gene TERT Contribute to Tumorigenesis by a Two-Step Mechanism","volume":"357","author":"Chiba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807057106","article-title":"Constitutional Hypomorphic Telomerase Mutations in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"106","author":"Calado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.10.038","article-title":"Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene Promoter Mutations Help Discern the Origin of Urogenital Tumors: A Genomic and Molecular Study","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17426","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310522110","article-title":"TERT Promoter Mutations in Bladder Cancer Affect Patient Survival and Disease Recurrence through Modification by a Common Polymorphism","volume":"110","author":"Rachakonda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-022-04061-9","article-title":"Prognostic Implication of TERT Promoter Mutation and Circulating Tumor Cells in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Carrasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0383","article-title":"Plekhs1 and Prdx3 Are Candidate Genes Responsible for Mild Hyperglycemia Associated with Obesity in a New Animal Model of F344-Fa-Nidd6 Rat","volume":"78","author":"Kotoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"3471","article-title":"PLEKHS1: A New Molecular Marker Predicting Risk of Progression of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Pignot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.56779","article-title":"Regulatory Region Mutations of TERT, PLEKHS1 and GPR126 Genes as Urinary Biomarkers in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinomas","volume":"12","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817086","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.817086","article-title":"Identification of Prognostic Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Based on DNA Methylation Profile","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Q., Zhang, X., Nie, Q., Hu, J., Zhou, S., and Wang, C. (2022). Improved Urine DNA Methylation Panel for Early Bladder Cancer Detection. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09268-y"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"41","article-title":"Evaluation of DNA Methylation in Promoter Regions of HTERT, TWIST1, VIM and NID2 Genes in Moroccan Bladder Cancer Patients","volume":"260\u2013261","author":"Chaoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Genet."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0496-x","article-title":"Urine Cell-Based DNA Methylation Classifier for Monitoring Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Mengual","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, L., Chao, H., Deng, H., Yu, Z., Zhao, R., Huang, L., Gong, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, Q., and Li, F. (2022). A Novel and Sensitive DNA Methylation Marker for the Urine-Based Liquid Biopsies to Detect Bladder Cancer. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09616-y"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.08.085","article-title":"Evaluation of an Epigenetic Profile for the Detection of Bladder Cancer in Patients with Hematuria","volume":"195","author":"Lurkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.12.096","article-title":"FGFR3, TERT and OTX1 as a Urinary Biomarker Combination for Surveillance of Patients with Bladder Cancer in a Large Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"197","author":"Beukers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1974646","article-title":"Orthodenticle Homeobox OTX1 Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker for Bladder Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2018.09.016","article-title":"HOXA9, PCDH17, POU4F2, and ONECUT2 as a Urinary Biomarker Combination for the Detection of Bladder Cancer in Chinese Patients with Hematuria","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beukers, W., Kandimalla, R., van Houwelingen, D., Kovacic, H., Chin, J.-F.D., Lingsma, H.F., Dyrskjot, L., and Zwarthoff, E.C. (2013). The Use of Molecular Analyses in Voided Urine for the Assessment of Patients with Hematuria. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077657"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.28192","article-title":"Identification of Cancer-Specific Methylation of Gene Combination for the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinert, T., Borre, M., Christiansen, A., Hermann, G.G., \u00d8rntoft, T.F., and Dyrskj\u00f8t, L. (2012). Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer Recurrence Based on Urinary Levels of EOMES, HOXA9, POU4F2, TWIST1, VIM, and ZNF154 Hypermethylation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046297"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1312","article-title":"Three Epigenetic Biomarkers, GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM, Accurately Predict Bladder Cancer from DNA-Based Analyses of Urine Samples","volume":"16","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2018.04.001","article-title":"Detection of Urothelial Carcinoma, Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma, Bladder Carcinoma, and Urothelial Carcinoma with Gross Hematuria Using Selected Urine-DNA Methylation Biomarkers: A Prospective, Single-Center Study","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro-Reis, S., Blanca, A., Tedim-Moreira, J., Carneiro, I., Montezuma, D., Monteiro, P., Oliveira, J., Antunes, L., Henrique, R., and Lopez-Beltran, A. (2020). A Multiplex Test Assessing MiR663ame and VIMme in Urine Accurately Discriminates Bladder Cancer from Inflammatory Conditions. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020605"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6278","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139597","article-title":"Urine DNA Methylation Assay Enables Early Detection and Recurrence Monitoring for Bladder Cancer","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.04.023","article-title":"Non-Coding RNA in Bladder Cancer","volume":"485","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21244","article-title":"MicroRNAome Genome: A Treasure for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"64","author":"Pasculli","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7234-0_16","article-title":"Quantification of MicroRNAs in Urine-Derived Specimens","volume":"1655","author":"Fuessel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-20-1327","article-title":"Trends in Urine Biomarker Discovery for Urothelial Bladder Cancer: DNA, RNA, or Protein?","volume":"10","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5388","article-title":"MiR-143 Inhibits Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation and Enhances Their Sensitivity to Gemcitabine by Repressing IGF-1R Signaling","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648968","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.648968","article-title":"Emerging Biomarkers for Predicting Bladder Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4043","article-title":"Genomic Profiling of MicroRNAs in Bladder Cancer: MiR-129 Is Associated with Poor Outcome and Promotes Cell Death in Vitro","volume":"69","author":"Ostenfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-12-241","article-title":"Increased Expression of MiR-222 Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Bladder Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3540","article-title":"Expression and Clinical Significance of MicroRNA-21, Maspin and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C in Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05801-3","article-title":"MicroRNAs with Prognostic Significance in Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenherr, S.M., Tsai, S., Silva Neto, B., Sullivan, T.B., Cimmino, C.B., Logvinenko, T., Gee, J., Huang, W., Libertino, J.A., and Summerhayes, I.C. (2017). MicroRNA Expression Profile Identifies High Grade, Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Tumors at Elevated Risk to Progress to an Invasive Phenotype. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8020077"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2018_181214N970","article-title":"Identification of Urinary Hsa_circ _0137439 as Potential Biomarker and Tumor Regulator of Bladder Cancer","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666863","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.666863","article-title":"The Roles of CircRNAs in Bladder Cancer: Biomarkers, Tumorigenesis Drivers, and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0379-y","article-title":"Long Non-Coding RNA Expression in Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Taheri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"661","article-title":"H19 Non-Coding RNA in Urine Cells Detects Urothelial Carcinoma: A Pilot Study","volume":"22","author":"Gielchinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.37006","article-title":"A Panel of Urinary Long Non-Coding RNAs Differentiate Bladder Cancer from Urocystitis","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66.e25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2014.06.008","article-title":"Prospective Analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity of Urinary Cytology and Other Urinary Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Yafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2015.01.005","article-title":"Surgical Advances in Bladder Cancer: At What Cost?","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.08.016","article-title":"Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: A Review of the Current Landscape and Future Directions","volume":"39","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-21-386","article-title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of BTA, NMP22, Survivin and Cytology in Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0997","article-title":"Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"163","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campagna, R., Pozzi, V., Spinelli, G., Sartini, D., Milanese, G., Galosi, A.B., and Emanuelli, M. (2021). The Utility of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase as a Potential Biomarker to Predict the Oncological Outcomes for Urological Cancers: An Update. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081214"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5301\/ijbm.5000311","article-title":"Clinical Performance and Utility of a NNMT-Based Urine Test for Bladder Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Pozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Markers"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40714","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40714","article-title":"Aurora Kinase A Is a Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Detection and Contributes to Its Aggressive Behavior","volume":"7","author":"Mobley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c01094","article-title":"Potent Inhibition of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase by Alkene-Linked Bisubstrate Mimics Bearing Electron Deficient Aromatics","volume":"64","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Haren, M.J., Gao, Y., Buijs, N., Campagna, R., Sartini, D., Emanuelli, M., Mateuszuk, L., Kij, A., Chlopicki, S., and Escud\u00e9 Martinez de Castilla, P. (2021). Esterase-Sensitive Prodrugs of a Potent Bisubstrate Inhibitor of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT) Display Cellular Activity. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091357"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CB00134E","article-title":"Macrocyclic Peptides as Allosteric Inhibitors of Nicotinamide N -Methyltransferase (NNMT)","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468672","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5468672","article-title":"A Panel of MicroRNA Signature as a Tool for Predicting Survival of Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder","volume":"2018","author":"Inamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13856","article-title":"Circulating MiRNA Panels for Specific and Early Detection in Bladder Cancer","volume":"110","author":"Usuba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:07Z","timestamp":1760144767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232113206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]}}}