{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:13:17Z","timestamp":1790007197119,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of the hypothalamus and the limbic system at the onset of a migraine attack has recently received significant interest. We analyzed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters of the entire hypothalamus and its subregions in 15 patients during a spontaneous migraine attack and in 20 control subjects. We also estimated the non-linear measure resting-state functional MRI BOLD signal\u2019s complexity using Higuchi fractal dimension (FD) and correlated DTI\/fMRI findings with patients\u2019 clinical characteristics. In comparison with healthy controls, patients had significantly altered diffusivity metrics within the hypothalamus, mainly in posterior ROIs, and higher FD values in the salience network (SN). We observed a positive correlation of the hypothalamic axial diffusivity with migraine severity and FD of SN. DTI metrics of bilateral anterior hypothalamus positively correlated with the mean attack duration. Our results show plastic structural changes in the hypothalamus related to the attacks severity and the functional connectivity of the SN involved in the multidimensional neurocognitive processing of pain. Plastic changes to the hypothalamus may play a role in modulating the duration of the attack.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T06:42:17Z","timestamp":1667371337000},"page":"13238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Hypothalamic Mechanism Regulates the Duration of a Migraine Attack: Insights from Microstructural and Temporal Complexity of Cortical Functional Networks Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camillo","family":"Porcaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (ISTC)\u2014National Research Council (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Renzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Tinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Gr\u00e6cia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cherubino","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino\u2014I.C.O.T., 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Caramia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fiorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino\u2014I.C.O.T., 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9247-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Seri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Birmingham Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Di Piero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pierelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino\u2014I.C.O.T., 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8510-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino\u2014I.C.O.T., 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt320","article-title":"Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin-triggered migraine attacks","volume":"137","author":"Maniyar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww097","article-title":"The migraine generator revisited: Continuous scanning of the migraine cycle over 30 days and three spontaneous 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