{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:55:41Z","timestamp":1791575741719,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81701861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20194Y0066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20194Y0066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2193101011003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2193101011003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S25-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S25-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"hanghai Health Committee Research Foundation","award":["81871527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871527"]}]},{"name":"hanghai Health Committee Research Foundation","award":["81701861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701861"]}]},{"name":"hanghai Health Committee Research Foundation","award":["82070285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070285"]}]},{"name":"hanghai Health Committee Research Foundation","award":["20194Y0066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20194Y0066"]}]},{"name":"hanghai Health Committee Research Foundation","award":["2193101011003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2193101011003"]}]},{"name":"hanghai Health Committee Research Foundation","award":["S25-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S25-15"]}]},{"name":"Jun-Zheng Research Program of Fudan University","award":["81871527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871527"]}]},{"name":"Jun-Zheng Research Program of Fudan University","award":["81701861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701861"]}]},{"name":"Jun-Zheng Research Program of Fudan University","award":["82070285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070285"]}]},{"name":"Jun-Zheng Research Program of Fudan University","award":["20194Y0066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20194Y0066"]}]},{"name":"Jun-Zheng Research Program of Fudan University","award":["2193101011003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2193101011003"]}]},{"name":"Jun-Zheng Research Program of Fudan University","award":["S25-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S25-15"]}]},{"name":"Zhengyi Scholar Foundation of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University","award":["81871527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871527"]}]},{"name":"Zhengyi Scholar Foundation of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University","award":["81701861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701861"]}]},{"name":"Zhengyi Scholar Foundation of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University","award":["82070285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070285"]}]},{"name":"Zhengyi Scholar Foundation of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University","award":["20194Y0066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20194Y0066"]}]},{"name":"Zhengyi Scholar Foundation of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University","award":["2193101011003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2193101011003"]}]},{"name":"Zhengyi Scholar Foundation of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University","award":["S25-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S25-15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery spasm (CAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many ischemic heart entities; however, there are no established diagnostic biomarkers for CAS in clinical and forensic settings. This present study aimed to identify such serum biomarkers by establishing a rabbit CAS provocation model and integrating quantitative serum proteomics, parallel reaction monitoring\/mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics, and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Our results suggested that SELENBP1 and VCL were potential candidate biomarkers for CAS. In independent clinical samples, SELENBP1 and VCL were validated to be significantly lower in serum but not blood cells from CAS patients, with the reasons for this possibly due to the decreased secretion from cardiomyocytes. The areas under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis were 0.9384 for SELENBP1 and 0.9180 for VCL when diagnosing CAS. The CAS risk decreased by 32.3% and 53.6% for every 10 unit increases in the serum SELENBP1 and VCL, respectively. In forensic samples, serum SELENBP1 alone diagnosed CAS-induced deaths at a sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 72.73%, and its combination with VCL yielded a diagnostic specificity of 100.0%, which was superior to the traditional biomarkers of cTnI and CK-MB. Therefore, serum SELENBP1 and VCL could be effective biomarkers for both the clinical and forensic diagnosis of CAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T06:42:17Z","timestamp":1667371337000},"page":"13266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Serum SELENBP1 and VCL Are Effective Biomarkers for Clinical and Forensic Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Spasm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bokang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90003-8","article-title":"Angina pectoris. I. A variant form of angina pectoris; preliminary report","volume":"27","author":"Prinzmetal","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0273-3","article-title":"Non-atherosclerotic causes of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"17","author":"Waterbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00073-X","article-title":"Racial heterogeneity in coronary artery vasomotor reactivity: Differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients","volume":"33","author":"Beltrame","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.035","article-title":"Comparison of serum levels of inflammatory markers in patients with coronary vasospasm without significant fixed coronary artery disease versus patients with stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes with significant fixed coronary artery disease","volume":"97","author":"Hung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.03.055","article-title":"Coronary vasospasm-induced acute coronary syndrome complicated by life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in patients without hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease","volume":"117","author":"Hung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014996","article-title":"Coronary artery spasm in patients with normal or near normal coronary arteries. Long-term follow-up of 277 patients","volume":"17","author":"Bory","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"47","article-title":"Coronary artery spasm: Current knowledge and residual uncertainties","volume":"10","author":"Slavich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.36.760","article-title":"Coronary spasm: Clinical features and pathogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Yasue","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.67.5.995","article-title":"Diurnal distribution of ST-segment elevation and related arrhythmias in patients with variant angina: A study by ambulatory ECG monitoring","volume":"67","author":"Araki","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2008.01.001","article-title":"Coronary artery spasm--clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"51","author":"Yasue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.843474","article-title":"Coronary artery spasm: A 2009 update","volume":"119","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.9623","article-title":"Coronary artery spasm: Review and update","volume":"11","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2048872620932422","article-title":"Safety assessment and results of coronary spasm provocation testing in patients with myocardial infarction with unobstructed coronary arteries compared to patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronary arteries","volume":"10","author":"Probst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2305175","article-title":"Coronary Artery Spasm: Risk Factors, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Novel Diagnostic Approaches","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-018-1207-4","article-title":"Increased plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity deteriorates coronary artery spasm","volume":"34","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803532","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.803532","article-title":"Valosin Containing Protein as a Specific Biomarker for Predicting the Development of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Its Complication","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02702-z","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related secretory proteins as biomarkers of early myocardial ischemia-induced sudden cardiac deaths","volume":"136","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304521","article-title":"The spectrum of epidemiology underlying sudden cardiac death","volume":"116","author":"Hayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1401-9","article-title":"Early markers for myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac death","volume":"130","author":"Sabatasso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80221-7","article-title":"Smooth muscle contraction bands in the media of coronary arteries: A postmortem marker of antemortem coronary spasm?","volume":"6","author":"Factor","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979804900701","article-title":"Morphodynamics and pathology of blood vessels III--comparative morphologic study of contraction of smooth muscle cells of hollow viscera and its application to vasoconstriction and vasospasm","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"The internal elastic membrane and intimal folds in arteries: Important but neglected structures?","volume":"572","author":"Svendsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2866","article-title":"Diagnosis of sudden cardiac death due to early myocardial ischemia: An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study","volume":"62","author":"Visona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.900152","article-title":"Phosphorylated Myosin Light Chain 2 (p-MLC2) as a Molecular Marker of Antemortem Coronary Artery Spasm","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2018.01.032","article-title":"Aberrant endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates coronary artery spasm through regulating MLCK\/MLC2 pathway","volume":"363","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.037283","article-title":"Mechanisms of coronary artery spasm","volume":"124","author":"Lanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.046","article-title":"Coronary Adventitial and Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Patients With Vasospastic Angina","volume":"71","author":"Ohyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2018.9","article-title":"Inflammation: Perivascular inflammation in coronary spasm","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.082","article-title":"Coronary Spasm and Inflammation: Can We Kill 2 Birds With 1 Stone?","volume":"71","author":"Ciliberti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.008","article-title":"The Polygenic and Monogenic Basis of Blood Traits and Diseases","volume":"182","author":"Vuckovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0047-6","article-title":"Genetic analysis of quantitative traits in the Japanese population links cell types to complex human diseases","volume":"50","author":"Kanai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.10.1102","article-title":"Major racial differences in coronary constrictor response between japanese and caucasians with recent myocardial infarction","volume":"101","author":"Pristipino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2565","article-title":"International standardization of diagnostic criteria for vasospastic angina","volume":"38","author":"Beltrame","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.01.005","article-title":"Circulating levels of selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) are associated with risk for major adverse cardiac events and death","volume":"52","author":"Kuhn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhodaky, M., and Diamond, A.M. (2018). Selenium-Binding Protein 1 in Human Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113437"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boujemaa-Paterski, R., Martins, B., Eibauer, M., Beales, C.T., Geiger, B., and Medalia, O. (2020). Talin-activated vinculin interacts with branched actin networks to initiate bundles. Elife, 9.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53990"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2006.21.2.97","article-title":"An increased monocyte count predicts coronary artery spasm in patients with resting chest pain and insignificant coronary artery stenosis","volume":"21","author":"Yun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24061","article-title":"An assessment of the role of vinculin loss of function variants in inherited cardiomyopathy","volume":"41","author":"Hawley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.037661","article-title":"Reevaluating the Genetic Contribution of Monogenic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"141","author":"Mazzarotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.1.76","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary spasm","volume":"87","author":"Sugiishi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2015.03.007","article-title":"Cardiac biomarkers in blood, and pericardial and cerebrospinal fluids of forensic autopsy cases: A reassessment with special regard to postmortem interval","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2011.05.002","article-title":"Combined analyses of creatine kinase MB, cardiac troponin I and myoglobin in pericardial and cerebrospinal fluids to investigate myocardial and skeletal muscle injury in medicolegal autopsy cases","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.39486","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: The next generation of biomarkers for liquid biopsy-based prostate cancer diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-00299-w","article-title":"The evolving translational potential of small extracellular vesicles in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Moller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig, N., Whiteside, T.L., and Reichert, T.E. (2019). Challenges in Exosome Isolation and Analysis in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194684"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.6.1053","article-title":"Angioplasty reduces pharmacologically mediated vasoconstriction in rabbit carotid arteries with and without vasospasm","volume":"26","author":"Macdonald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"4834202","article-title":"The Biochemical Markers Associated with the Occurrence of Coronary Spasm","volume":"2019","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs199","article-title":"Clinical implications of provocation tests for coronary artery spasm: Safety, arrhythmic complications, and prognostic impact: Multicentre registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association","volume":"34","author":"Takagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JCS Joint Working Group (2014). Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina (Coronary Spastic Angina) (JCS 2013). Circ. J., 78, 2779\u20132801.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-66-0098"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.27034","article-title":"Unrecognized coronary vasospasm in patients referred for percutaneous coronary intervention: Intracoronary nitroglycerin, the forgotten stepchild of cardiovascular guidelines","volume":"90","author":"Vishnevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105714","article-title":"Second-generation antipsychotics induce cardiotoxicity by disrupting spliceosome signaling: Implications from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13319","article-title":"Mass-spectrometry-based draft of the human proteome","volume":"509","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2018.03.003","article-title":"libPLS: An integrated library for partial least squares regression and linear discriminant analysis","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1631","article-title":"Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization","volume":"9","author":"Hornung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13266\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:47Z","timestamp":1760144807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232113266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113266","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]}}}