{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:29:49Z","timestamp":1793932189724,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding of the gut microbiome\u2019s role in human physiology developed rapidly in recent years. Moreover, any alteration of this microenvironment could lead to a pathophysiological reaction of numerous organs. It results from the bidirectional communication of the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system, called the gut\u2013brain axis. The signals in the gut\u2013brain axis are mediated by immunological, hormonal, and neural pathways. However, it is also influenced by microorganisms in the gut. The disturbances in the gut\u2013brain axis are associated with gastrointestinal syndromes, but recently their role in the development of different types of pain was reported. The gut microbiome could be the factor in the central sensitization of chronic pain by regulating microglia, astrocytes, and immune cells. Dysbiosis could lead to incorrect immune responses, resulting in the development of inflammatory pain such as endometriosis. Furthermore, chronic visceral pain, associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders, could result from a disruption in the gut microenvironment. Any alteration in the gut\u2013brain axis could also trigger migraine attacks by affecting cytokine expression. Understanding the gut microbiome\u2019s role in pain pathophysiology leads to the development of analgetic therapies targeting microorganisms. Probiotics, FODMAP diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation are reported to be beneficial in treating visceral pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T06:01:28Z","timestamp":1667282488000},"page":"13267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The Role of the Human Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Ustianowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Ustianowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Machaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9288-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gor\u0105cy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Rosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Szostak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Szostak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota\u2014Masters of Host Development and Physiology","volume":"11","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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