{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:56:28Z","timestamp":1792608988493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Physical Education, Katowice","award":["AWF\/NF\/ZB1\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWF\/NF\/ZB1\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Physical Education, Katowice","award":["019\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["019\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science in the Regional Excellence Initiative program","award":["AWF\/NF\/ZB1\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWF\/NF\/ZB1\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science in the Regional Excellence Initiative program","award":["019\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["019\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic stress, even stress of a moderate intensity related to daily life, is widely acknowledged to be a predisposing or precipitating factor in neuropsychiatric diseases. There is a clear relationship between disturbances induced by stressful stimuli, especially long-lasting stimuli, and cognitive deficits in rodent models of affective disorders. Regular physical activity has a positive effect on the central nervous system (CNS) functions, contributes to an improvement in mood and of cognitive abilities (including memory and learning), and is correlated with an increase in the expression of the neurotrophic factors and markers of synaptic plasticity as well as a reduction in the inflammatory factors. Studies published so far show that the energy challenge caused by physical exercise can affect the CNS by improving cellular bioenergetics, stimulating the processes responsible for the removal of damaged organelles and molecules, and attenuating inflammation processes. Regular physical activity brings another important benefit: increased stress robustness. The evidence from animal studies is that a sedentary lifestyle is associated with stress vulnerability, whereas a physically active lifestyle is associated with stress resilience. Here, we have performed a comprehensive PubMed Search Strategy for accomplishing an exhaustive literature review. In this review, we discuss the findings from experimental studies on the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the impact of exercise on brain resilience. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective potential of preconditioning exercise and of the role of exercise in stress resilience, among other things, may open further options for prevention and therapy in the treatment of CNS diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1667360204000},"page":"13348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Running from Stress: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Stress Resilience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Nowacka-Chmielewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-4603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstancja","family":"Grabowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2192-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2666-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Meybohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Burek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Ma\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.11.071","article-title":"Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators","volume":"583","author":"McEwen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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