{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:34:39Z","timestamp":1791840879190,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche contre le Sida et les H\u00e9patites virales (ANRS)","award":["ECTZ60600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ60600"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche contre le Sida et les H\u00e9patites virales (ANRS)","award":["ECTZ 119388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 119388"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche contre le Sida et les H\u00e9patites virales (ANRS)","award":["ECTZ 160315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 160315"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche contre le Sida et les H\u00e9patites virales (ANRS)","award":["751061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["751061"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche contre le Sida et les H\u00e9patites virales (ANRS)","award":["11623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11623"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche contre le Sida et les H\u00e9patites virales (ANRS)","award":["192974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["192974"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["ECTZ60600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ60600"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["ECTZ 119388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 119388"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["ECTZ 160315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 160315"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["751061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["751061"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["11623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11623"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["192974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["192974"]}]},{"name":"Sidaction","award":["ECTZ60600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ60600"]}]},{"name":"Sidaction","award":["ECTZ 119388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 119388"]}]},{"name":"Sidaction","award":["ECTZ 160315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 160315"]}]},{"name":"Sidaction","award":["751061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["751061"]}]},{"name":"Sidaction","award":["11623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11623"]}]},{"name":"Sidaction","award":["192974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["192974"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["ECTZ60600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ60600"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["ECTZ 119388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 119388"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["ECTZ 160315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECTZ 160315"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["751061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["751061"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["11623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11623"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["192974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["192974"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among mucosal administration routes for vaccines, the sublingual route has been proven capable of inducing a potent systemic and mucosal immune response. However, the absence of a simple and compliant delivery system and the lack of robust mucosal adjuvants impede the development of sublingual vaccines. Here, we describe a mucoadhesive patch made of a layer-by-layer assembly of polysaccharides, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid. The mucoadhesive patch was covered by adjuvanted nanoparticles carrying viral proteins. We showed that the nanoparticles effectively cross the outer layers of the sublingual mucosa to reach the epithelium. Furthermore, the encapsulated adjuvants, 3M-052 and mifamurtide, targeting toll-like receptor (TLR) 7\/8 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2), respectively, remain fully active after encapsulation into nanoparticles and exhibit a cytokine\/chemokine signature similar to the mucosal gold-standard adjuvant, the cholera toxin. However, the particulate adjuvants induced more moderate levels of proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), suggesting a controlled activation of the innate immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T04:49:20Z","timestamp":1667450960000},"page":"13440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mucosal Adjuvants Delivered by a Mucoadhesive Patch for Sublingual Administration of Subunit Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6715-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Monge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Ayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Lise","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2017-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renaud","family":"Rovera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Colomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8478-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Verrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Th\u00e9rapeutique, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Prot\u00e9ines, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3251","article-title":"Recent progress in mucosal vaccine development: Potential and limitations","volume":"12","author":"Lycke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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