{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:14:21Z","timestamp":1791987261647,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are chronic autoimmune disorders that cause impaired immunoregulation, leading to specific immune responses against thyroid antigens. Graves\u2019 disease (GD) and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) are the major forms of AITDs. Increasing evidence suggests a possible role of microbiota alterations in the pathogenesis and progression of AITDs. This systematic review was designed to address the following question: \u201cIs microbiota altered in patients with AITDs?\u201d After screening the selected studies using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were included in this review (in accordance with PRISMA statement guidelines). A meta-analysis revealed that patients with HT showed significantly higher values of diversity indices (except for the Simpson index) and that patients with GD showed significant tendencies toward lower values of all assessed indices compared with healthy subjects. However, the latter demonstrated a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria at the phylum level and thus Prevotella and Bifidobacterium at the genus level, respectively. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies showed the most significant positive and negative correlations between bacterial levels and thyroid functional parameters. In conclusion, significant alterations in the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota were observed in both GD and HT patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T03:28:10Z","timestamp":1667532490000},"page":"13450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Microbiota Alterations in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1510-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Sawicka-Gutaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Gruszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1852-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Zawalna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5042-5985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Nijakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2926-0722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-712 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Rucha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e210024","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Basis of Thyroid Autoimmunity","volume":"11","author":"Godlewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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