{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:12:59Z","timestamp":1788847979196,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal stenosis (SS) is a multifactorial polyetiological condition characterized by the narrowing of the spinal canal. This condition is a common source of pain among people over 50 years old. We perform a systematic review of molecular and genetic mechanisms that cause SS. The five main mechanisms of SS were found to be ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), hypertrophy and ossification of the ligamentum flavum (HLF\/OLF), facet joint (FJ) osteoarthritis, herniation of the intervertebral disc (IVD), and achondroplasia. FJ osteoarthritis, OPLL, and HLF\/OLFLF\/OLF have all been associated with an over-abundance of transforming growth factor beta and genes related to this phenomenon. OPLL has also been associated with increased bone morphogenetic protein 2. FJ osteoarthritis is additionally associated with Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling and genes. IVD herniation is associated with collagen type I alpha 1 and 2 gene mutations and subsequent protein dysregulation. Finally, achondroplasia is associated with fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene mutations and fibroblast growth factor signaling. Although most publications lack data on a direct relationship between the mutation and SS formation, it is clear that genetics has a direct impact on the formation of any pathology, including SS. Further studies are necessary to understand the genetic and molecular changes associated with SS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T03:28:10Z","timestamp":1667532490000},"page":"13479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Spinal Stenosis Formation: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4349-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim A.","family":"Byvaltsev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Orthopedic and Neurosurgery, Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Irkutsk 664049, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Kalinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Orthopedic and Neurosurgery, Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Irkutsk 664049, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip A.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerii V.","family":"Shepelev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurii Y.","family":"Pestryakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat A.","family":"Aliyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan B.","family":"Giers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.14531\/ss2016.2.52-61","article-title":"Isolated and Combined Degenerative Tandem Cervical and Lumbar Spinal Stenoses: Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Byvaltsev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hir. 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