{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:04:40Z","timestamp":1789499080913,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["57399475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399475"]}]},{"name":"German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["57440921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57440921"]}]},{"name":"German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"]}]},{"name":"German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["IC-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-070"]}]},{"name":"German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["101008129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008129"]}]},{"name":"DAAD","award":["57399475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399475"]}]},{"name":"DAAD","award":["57440921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57440921"]}]},{"name":"DAAD","award":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"]}]},{"name":"DAAD","award":["IC-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-070"]}]},{"name":"DAAD","award":["101008129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008129"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Science and Culture of the German State of Lower Saxony","award":["57399475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399475"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Science and Culture of the German State of Lower Saxony","award":["57440921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57440921"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Science and Culture of the German State of Lower Saxony","award":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Science and Culture of the German State of Lower Saxony","award":["IC-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-070"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Science and Culture of the German State of Lower Saxony","award":["101008129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008129"]}]},{"name":"\u201cASAFEM\u201d Project","award":["57399475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399475"]}]},{"name":"\u201cASAFEM\u201d Project","award":["57440921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57440921"]}]},{"name":"\u201cASAFEM\u201d Project","award":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"]}]},{"name":"\u201cASAFEM\u201d Project","award":["IC-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-070"]}]},{"name":"\u201cASAFEM\u201d Project","award":["101008129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008129"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s H2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchange program (RISE)","award":["57399475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399475"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s H2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchange program (RISE)","award":["57440921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57440921"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s H2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchange program (RISE)","award":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201478904-63-5\/19"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s H2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchange program (RISE)","award":["IC-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-070"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s H2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchange program (RISE)","award":["101008129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (ngf) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) play important roles in the central nervous system. They are potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic properties of triterpenes isolated from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and a mycelial culture of Antrodia sp. MUCL 56049. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The secondary metabolites were tested for neurotrophin (ngf and bdnf) expression levels on human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells. Neurite outgrowth activity using rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells was also determined. Twelve triterpenoids were isolated, of which several potently stimulated the expression of neurotrophic factors, namely, ngf (sulphurenic acid, 15\u03b1-dehydroxytrametenolic acid, fomefficinic acid D, and 16\u03b1-hydroxyeburicoic acid) and bdnf (sulphurenic acid and 15\u03b1-dehydroxytrametenolic acid), respectively. The triterpenes also potentiated ngf-induced neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on the compound class of lanostanes in direct relation to bdnf and ngf enhancement. These compounds are widespread in medicinal mushrooms; hence, they appear promising as a starting point for the development of drugs and mycopharmaceuticals to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, they do not show any pronounced cytotoxicity and may, therefore, be better suited for therapy than many other neurotrophic compounds that were previously reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:53:06Z","timestamp":1667904786000},"page":"13593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Neurotrophic and Immunomodulatory Lanostane Triterpenoids from Wood-Inhabiting Basidiomycota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Khadija","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstra\u00dfe 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blondelle","family":"Matio Kemkuignou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstra\u00dfe 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Kirchenwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Wittstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstra\u00dfe 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Rascher-Albaghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstra\u00dfe 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Chepkirui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstra\u00dfe 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josphat C.","family":"Matasyoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro 20115, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cony","family":"Decock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycoth\u00e9que de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (BCCM\/MUCL), Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6593-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard W.","family":"K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstra\u00dfe 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresia E. B.","family":"Stradal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7284-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover\/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstra\u00dfe 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Drew, J., Berney, W., and Lei, W. (2021). Neuroprotective natural products for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061309"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-022-00510-3","article-title":"Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being","volume":"116","author":"Mapook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fungal Diversity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201302268","article-title":"Neurotrophic natural products: Chemistry and biology","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.1727","article-title":"Nerve growth factor-inducing activity of Hericium erinaceus in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells","volume":"31","author":"Mori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.11.011","article-title":"Lindersin B from Lindernia crustacea induces neuritogenesis by activation of tyrosine kinase A\/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase\/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2014.887649","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for the management of neurodegenerative diseases: Diversity, metabolite, and mechanism","volume":"35","author":"Phan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"37","article-title":"Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxic activities","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-015-1105-4","article-title":"Hericium erinaceus, an amazing medicinal mushroom","volume":"14","author":"Thongbai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-019-00430-9","article-title":"The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially","volume":"97","author":"Hyde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-013-0265-2","article-title":"Bioactive metabolites from macrofungi: Ethnopharmacology, biological activities and chemistry","volume":"62","author":"Rapior","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rascher, M., Wittstein, K., Winter, B., Rupcic, Z., Wolf-Asseburg, A., Stadler, M., and K\u00f6ster, R.W. (2020). Erinacine C activates transcription from a consensus ETS DNA binding site in astrocytic cells in addition to NGF induction. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101440"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, K., Kemkuignou, B.M., and Stadler, M. (2021). Two new triterpenes from basidiomata of the medicinal and edible mushroom, Laetiporus sulphureus. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237090"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.49.1030","article-title":"Two new steroidal derivatives from the fruit body of Chlorophyllum molybdites","volume":"49","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2017.04.009","article-title":"Two cytotoxic triterpenes from cultures of a Kenyan Laetiporus sp. (Basidiomycota)","volume":"20","author":"Chepkirui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00767-9","article-title":"Steroids and triterpenoids of Antrodia cinnamomea\u2014A fungus parasitic on Cinnamomum micranthum","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)97618-5","article-title":"The structure of sulphurenic acid: A new triterpenoid from Polyporus sulphureus","volume":"20","author":"Fried","year":"1964","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.52.1375","article-title":"New lanostane-type triterpenes from Fomes officinalis","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort, L.A., Gascoigne, R.M., Holker, J.S.E., Ralph, B.J., Robertson, A., and Simes, J.J.H. (1954). The chemistry of fungi. Part XXIII. Tumulosic acid. J. Chem Soc., 3713\u20133721.","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9540003713"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00130-8","article-title":"Constituents of the fungi Daedalea quercina and Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor","volume":"54","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00110-S","article-title":"Triterpenes from the surface layer of Poria cocos","volume":"39","author":"Tai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(92)83325-S","article-title":"A lanostane triterpenoid from Poria cocos","volume":"31","author":"Shingu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.677","article-title":"Neurotrophins: Roles in neuronal development and function","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupcic, Z., Rascher, M., Kanaki, S., K\u00f6ster, R.W., Stadler, M., and Wittstein, K. (2018). Two new cyathane diterpenoids from mycelial cultures of the medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus and the rare species, Hericium flagellum. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030740"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.7.2424","article-title":"Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor","volume":"73","author":"Greene","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00452C","article-title":"Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. cultivated under tropical conditions: Isolation of hericenones and demonstration of NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells via MEK\/ERK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways","volume":"5","author":"Phan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.51.872","article-title":"Littorachalcone, a new enhancer of NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth, from Verbena littoralis","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320308","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/320308","article-title":"Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden: A medicinal mushroom that stimulates neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells","volume":"2012","author":"Eik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00939","article-title":"3\u03b2,23,28-Trihydroxy-12-oleanene 3\u03b2-Caffeate from Desmodium sambuense-Induced neurogenesis in PC12 cells mediated by ER stress and BDNF-TrkB signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, C.-W., Wong, W.-L., David, P., Naidu, M., and Sabaratnam, V. (2012). Pleurotus giganteus (Berk.) Karunarathna & K.D. Hyde: Nutritional value and in vitro neurite outgrowth activity in rat pheochromocytoma cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-102"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2015.1127229","article-title":"Terpenoids with neurite outgrowth-promoting activity from the branches and leaves of Illicium merrillianum","volume":"18","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.124.417","article-title":"Search for constituents with neurotrophic factor-potentiating activity from the medicinal plants of Paraguay and Thailand","volume":"124","author":"LI","year":"2004","journal-title":"YAKUGAKU ZASSHI"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.07.029","article-title":"Oleanolic acid ameliorates cognitive dysfunction caused by cholinergic blockade via TrkB-dependent BDNF signaling","volume":"113","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40529-016-0148-4","article-title":"Phenologic variation of major triterpenoids in regular and white Antrodia cinnamomea","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2018.1536680","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of Fomitopsis officinalis in the light of its bioactive metabolites: A review","volume":"10","author":"Girometta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.H., Hsiao, L.W., Kuo, Y.H., and Shih, C.C. (2019). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of sulphurenic acid, a triterpenoid compound from Antrodia camphorata, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194897"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"313","article-title":"Evaluation of the immuno-modulating activity of some active principles isolated from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.05.002","article-title":"Cytotoxic triterpenes from Antrodia camphorata and their mode of action in HT-29 human colon cancer cells","volume":"285","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wu, X., Yang, J., and Dong, Y. (2022, March 02). Chemical Constituents of Fomes officinalis (I) | Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs | WPRIM. Available online: https:\/\/pesquisa.bvsalud.org\/portal\/resource\/pt\/wpr-573660?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000213","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000213","article-title":"Fomitopsis officinalis: A Species of arboreal mushroom with promising biological and medicinal properties","volume":"17","author":"Kaczmarczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.05.044","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by pachymic acid from Poria cocos","volume":"332","author":"Gapter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2012.01970.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of pachymic acid promotes odontoblastic differentiation via HO-1 in dental pulp cells","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5941\/MYCO.2015.43.2.131","article-title":"Acetyl Eburicoic Acid from Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus suppresses inflammation in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"43","author":"Saba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.496367","article-title":"Triterpenoids with neurotrophic activity from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.06.054","article-title":"Deficiency in BDNF\/TrkB neurotrophic activity stimulates \u03b4-secretase by upregulating C\/EBP\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01195","article-title":"Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their potential anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-014-0313-6","article-title":"An assessment of the taxonomy and chemotaxonomy of Ganoderma","volume":"71","author":"Richter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-017-1347-4","article-title":"Ganoderma lingzhi (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): The scientific binomial for the widely cultivated medicinal fungus Lingzhi","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00371","article-title":"Corallocins A\u2013C, Nerve growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factor inducing metabolites from the mushroom Hericium coralloides","volume":"79","author":"Wittstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0329.2007.00485.x","article-title":"Pathogenic wood-decaying fungi in China","volume":"37","author":"Dai","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., and Cui, B.K. (2017). Phylogeny, divergence time and historical biogeography of Laetiporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales). BMC Evol. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-017-0948-5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3897\/mycokeys.37.26016","article-title":"Phylogeny and taxonomy of Laetiporus (Basidiomycota, polyporales) with descriptions of two new species from western China","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"MycoKeys"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.030","article-title":"European medicinal polypores\u2014A modern view on traditional uses","volume":"154","author":"Grienke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Fries, E. (1818). Observationes Mycologicae."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"284","article-title":"Antrodia camphorata with potential anti- cancerous activities: A review","volume":"5","author":"Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2015.09.008","article-title":"Species diversity in the Antrodia crassa group (Polyporales, Basidiomycota)","volume":"119","author":"Spirin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212641","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep108","article-title":"Review of pharmacological effects of Antrodia camphorata and its bioactive compounds","volume":"2011","author":"Geethangili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Lo, J., Shih, Y., and Liang, H.J. (2018). Method for Treating Stroke or Reducing Nerve Injury. (US20180353520), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Wu, Y.B., J, L., Y, S., HJ, L., Lin, P., and Tsay, H. (2020). Compositions and Methods for Treating Dementia. (WO2017185073), World Patent."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13593\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:23Z","timestamp":1760145083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232113593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113593","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.10.27.513914","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]}}}